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Foundations in MFT
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Traditional Approaches of Therapy | Psychoanalysis, Behaviorism, Carl Roger's Client Centered Therapy |
| Strict Linear Approach Treatment Ideas | Therapy done in private, kept confidential, isolate client, primary relationship is client-therapist, strict cause and effect |
| epistemology | how we know what we know |
| reductionism | attempt to understand behavior in simple units, the whole IS the sum of its parts |
| parsimony | complex things should be explained in the simplest way possible |
| reductionism | asks why?, linear cause and effect, subject/object dualism, either/or dichotomies, value free science, deterministic/reactive, laws of external reality, historical focus, individualistic |
| paradigm shift | whole is greater than the sum of its parts, dynamic causation, not mechanical determinism process rather than static reality |
| General Systems Theory | no absolutes or certainties reality and truth are circular pragmatic truth |
| pragmatic truth | the truth that is most useful in connecting certain events and behavior in such a way as to enable the family to make constructive changes |
| GST Paradigm Descriptors | asks what, reciprocal causality, subjective/perceptual, holistic, dialectical, relational, contextual, inclusive of individual psychologies |
| Ludwig von Bertalanffy contributions | GST author, a system is more than the sum of its parts, emphasis on interaction within and among systems, human systems as ecological organisms vs. mechanistic, equifinality, |
| equifinality | GST concept many beginnings can lead to the same end |
| GST 3 Core Assumptions | Potential for unifying science (isomorphism) - systems work similarly Human systems are self reflexive Systems must be understood as a whole |
| isomorphism | GST concept the way this system works is similar to the way that system works |
| nonsummativity | the whole is greater than the sum of its parts |
| systemic concepts | interpersonal context circular causality content vs. process complementarity hierarchy boundaries family structure equifinality |
| interpersonal context | GST concept all behavior makes sense in context |
| complementarity | GST concept interaction is mutually influencing |
| circular causality | GST concept sequence of cause and effect that leads back to first cause and either confirms or changes that first cause The overal system maintains its shape as the pattern of linkage between the parts change |
| content | GST concept language of linear causality "anything a monkey could comment on" who what when where |
| process | language of circular causality how people talk how things appear how things make sense |
| hierarchy | GST concept layering of systems of increasing complexity, i.e. subsystems, systems, suprasystems |
| boundaries | GST concept defines membership in a system represents point of contact between system and other systems vary in degree of permeability, can be rigid or diffused, open or closed |
| family structure | roles, rules, hierarchy, boundaries |
| General critiques of GST | too vague and general, difficult to operatioalize, evaluate empirically subtle assumption that all parts of a system have equal power |
| Feminist critique of GST | GST assumes everyone has equal power circular causality holds each member responsible in abusive relationship women as nurturers, labeled enmeshment, pathologized it |
| Norbert Weiner | developed cybernetics |
| cybernetics | field of control and communication whether in machine or animal |
| cybernetics | presented at 1942 Macy Conferences |
| Palo Alto Group | studied family as cybernetic system, communication in families, family as homeostatic system, developed double-bind theory, opposed reductionism, |
| feedback loop | core of cybernetics |
| feedback loop | information needed to maintain a steady state or a pre-programmed goal - change AND stability |
| negative feedback loop | reduces deviation or change is a stop mechanism deviation dampening constancy loops or deviation-attenuating loops morphostatic feedback |
| positive feedback loop | change/deviation amplifying used to promote change variety loops morphogenic feedback, change seeking |
| feedback and control | path of communication in a system |
| feedback | either positive or negative based on the effect it has on the system, not its content |
| first order change | change that occurs within the system which itself stays the same |
| second order change | occurrence that changes the system itself changes in the body of rules governing the structure change in the process |
| Communications Theory | basic premises are fundamentals of MFT models |
| Mental Research Institute Bateman Group | Beginnings of Communications Theory at: |
| metacommunication | communicating about communicating |
| Syntax, semantics, pragmatics | three ways to study communication |
| syntax | the pattern of words, way words are put together, words that are chosen |
| semantics | clarifies what words mean |
| pragmatics | what happens as a result of communication behavioral effects or consequences of communication |
| Communications Theory | redundant patterns of communication and interaction within and between systems....what theory? |
| communications theory | patterns are seen as comprising the rules of the system and may be seen by outside party....what theory? |
| communications theory | emphasis on here and now....what theory |
| Communications theory axiom | all behavior is communication at some level - you cannot not communicate |
| communications theory axiom | communication may occur simultaneously at many levels verbal, nonverbal |
| verbal communication | what is said |
| nonverbal communication | gesture, body language, tone of voice, posture, intensity |
| communications theory axiom | every communication has two aspects: report and command |
| report (digital) | verbal, the information conveyed, words that are spoken |
| command (analog) | nonverbal cues, defines nature of relationship, contextual cues |
| command patterns | used for stabilizing relationships, defining family rules, preserving homeostatic balance |
| interactive patterns of relationship | symmetrical, complimentary, parallel |
| symmetrical relationship | relationship based on equality, patterned one-upmanship, equal escalation |
| complimentary relationship | relationship based on differences that fit together, maximizes differences |
| parallel relationship | relationship where each person alternates complimentary positions and includes combination of symmetrical and complimentary behaviors, higher logical order relationship, more sophisticated |
| communicate | problems are manifested and supported by the ways we |
| Three communications theory principles | one cannot not communicate one cannot not behave the meaning of a given behavior is not the true meaning of the behavior - it is the personal truth for the person who has given it a particular meaning |
| jay haley | idea of struggle for power and control attributed to... |
| struggle for power and control | in every relationship this is inherent in the messages the sender and receiver exchange |
| struggle for power and control | who decides who decides who defines the relationship answers revealed in discussions about roles in mundane activities |
| paradoxical communication | receiver gets confused when contradictions occur between what is said and what is expressed in tone or gesture, what you say and how you say it don't match |
| double bind | destructive form of paradoxical communication |
| double bind | two conflicting levels of messages |
| Nathan Ackerman | first to initiate discussion on family therapy at American Orthopsychiatric Association meeting in 1955 |
| Nathan Ackeraman | after WWII, began experimenting with seeing patients and families in a group |
| Nathan Ackerman | was chief psychologist at Meninger clinic |
| Abraham and Hannah Stone | opened marriage clinic in 1930 |
| paul popenoe | 1930s biologist opened clinic in los angeles first to introduce "marriage counseling" |
| emily mudd | 1932 established marriage council of philadelphia |
| emily mudd | first female professor at U. Penn medical school used preventive approach to address poverty and birth control issues using counseling techniques 1932 |
| Abraham and Hannah Stone, Paul Popenoe, Emily Mudd | helped establish American Association of Marriage Counselors in 1941 |
| Ernest Groves | pioneer in family life education Groves Conferences of Conservation of Marriage and FAmily 1934 - |
| Gregory Bateson | anthropologist, 1940's, set out to translate psychiatry practice into human communication theory |
| John Bowlby | 1949, psychiatrist at Tavistock Child Guidance Clinic invites family into failing case with boy, adapted group therapy techniques |
| Nathan Ackerman | child psychiatrist 1937 was chief psychiatrist at Child Guidance Clinic, Menninger Clinic |
| Nathan Ackerman | 1940's: began to experiment with therapist seeing both child and parent, rather than psychiatrist seeing patient and social worker seeing mother |
| Nathan Ackerman | 1950: wrote "Family Diagnosis: an approach to the pre-school child" one of founding documents of profession |
| Nathan Ackerman | 1957: opened Family Mental Health Clinic at Jewish Family Services in New York, later (1960) the Family Institute |
| Nathan Ackerman | 1961: published: The Psychodynamics of Family Life |
| Nathan Ackerman | 1961: Co-founded journal with Don Jackson "Family Process" |
| nathan Ackerman | Important influence on Salvador Minuchin |
| Carl Whitaker | Psychiatris, irreverent, whimsical, developed "therapy of the absurd" |
| Carl Whitaker | 1946: became chief of psychiatry at emory university |
| Carl Whitaker | invented co-therapy |
| carl whitaker | 1965: moved to dept. of psychiatry at U. of Wisconsin Med. School |
| Murray Bowen | psychiatrist 1951: on staff at menninger clinic, invited mothers to live in hospital with schizophrenic child |
| Murray Bowen | 1954: joined Lyman Wynne at NIMH |
| Murray Bowen | 1959: leaves NIMH for Georgetown, directs own training program |
| Murray Bowen | developed own "Natural/?? Family Systems Theory" |
| Murray Bowen | Important concepts: differentiation of self, triangulation, emotional reactivity, undifferentiated family ego mass attributed to: |
| Lyman Wynne | harvard medical degree in 1948 ph.d. in social relations in 1952 |
| Lyman Wynne | focus of work on how pathological thinking is transmitted in families |
| Lyman Wynne | 1952: join National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) |
| Lyman Wynne | 1972: left NIMH and became professor and chair of psychiatry dept at U. of Rochester |
| Lyman Wynne | Important concepts: pseudomutuality, pseudohostility, rubber fences, communication deviance attributed to: |
| John Bell | professor of psychology at Clark University in MA |
| John Bell | had conversation with John Sutherland of Tavistock Clinic about John Bowlby's work with family - misunderstood and began treating families |
| John Bell | many consider "father of family therapy" since he was one of earliest figures to hold family sessions |
| John Bell | 1961: wrote "Family Group Therapy" - considered one of founding documents of the profession |
| Theodore Lidz | psychoanalytically trained 1940s: became interested in working with schizophrenic families while on staff at John Hopkins University |
| Theodore Lidz | 1951: moved to yale university, started studying a small group of schizophrenics and their families |
| Theodore Lidz | first to explore the role of fathers in the process of schizogenesis |
| Theodore Lidz | important concepts: marital schizm, marital skew |
| Theodore Lidz | emphasized the notion of role reciprocity |
| Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy | Psychoanalyst 1957: founded Eastern Pennsylvania Psychiatric Institute (EPPI) |
| Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy | 1973: wrote "Invisible Loyalties" |
| Eastern Pennsylvania Psychiatric Institute (EPPI) | one of chief centers of research and training in the family therapy movement |
| Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy | one of first to introduce concepts of ethical responsibility and accountability to therapy |
| James Framo | collaborated with Nagy at EPPI |
| James Framo | Object Relations Therapist considering relationship of intrapsychic with inter-relational |
| Christian Midelfort | staff psychiatrist in LaCrosse, Wisconsin lecturer at Lutheran Theological Seminary in St. Paul, MN |
| Christian Midelfort | considered founding figure with little acclaim |
| Christian Midelfort | 1962: wrote: "The Family in Psychotherapy" |
| Christian Midelfort | emphasis on importance of religious and ethnic factors in family healing |
| Palo Alto Group | Gregory Bateson, Jay Haley, John Weakland, William Fry |
| Palo Alto Group | 1953: Bateson research team to investigate communication and conflict in human and animal behavior |
| Don Jackson | 1954: joined Bateson Research Group in Palo Alto to focus on schizophrenic communication |
| John Weakland | joined bateson group to aid mathematical understanding of Macy conference, left chemistry for anthropology, double bind theory |
| Don Jackson | clinical supervisor of palo alto group |
| Don Jackson | developed idea of homeostasis |
| Don Jackson | had part in developing double bind theory |
| Richard Fisch | part of MRI Research, opened Brief Therapy Institute at MRI in 1959 |
| Richard Fisch | launched what would be constructivist, postmodernism ideas |
| Paul Watzlawick | Joined MRI group, major contribution in communication theory and constructivism |
| Virginia Satir | woman of Palo Alto group, social worker |
| Virginia Satir | known for popularizing the family therapy movement, experiential, brought attention to warmth and feeling |
| Salvador Minuchin | born and raised in argentina |
| Salvador Minuchin | worked with kids who survived holocaust |
| Salvador Minuchin | influenced by training with Nathan Ackerman |
| Salvador Minuchin | 1960s began career as family therapist, began working with juvenile delinquents at Wiltwyck School for Boys in New York |
| Wyltwick School for Boys | where Salvador Minuchin began focusing on low-income and ghetto families and had to develop techniques appropriate to population |
| Salvador Minuchin | 1967: wrote: "Families of the Slums" |
| Salvador Minuchin | 1965: became director of Philadelphia Child Guidance Clinic |
| Salvador Minuchin | developed unique program training members of local black community as paraprofessional family therapists |
| Salvador Minuchin | with Braulio Montalvo, Bernice Rosman and Jay Haley made Philadelphia Child Guidance Clinic a great center of family therapy movement |
| Salvador Minuchin | developed Structural Family Therapy |
| Salvador Minuchin | 1974: wrote: Families and Family Therapy - one of most popular family therapy books ever written |
| Joining and Restructuring | two general strategies of Structural Family Therapy |
| Don Jackson | Founder of Mental Research Institute |
| MRI | Brief Therapy Center developed here |
| Jay Haley and Cloe Madanes | founders of The Family Therapy Institute of Washington D.C. |
| Mara Selvini Palazzoli, Luigi Boscolo, Gianfranco Cecchin, Guiliana Prata | persons involved in Milan family therapy |
| Mara Selvini Palazzoli | utilized one way mirrors |
| Boscolo and Cecchin | founders of Family Therapy Institute of Milan |
| Harold Goolishen | at Galveston Family Institute, used postmodern collaborative approach, collaborative language approach |
| Steve deShazer and In-Soo Kim Berg | founders of Brief Family Therapy Center |
| Michael White | at Dulwich Center in Adelaide, Australia |
| Michael White | used Narrative Therapy Approach |
| Narrative Therapy Approach | Externalizing the problem and reauthorizing dominant stories are techniques used in what therapy approach |
| Peggy Papp, Olga Silverstein, Betty Carter Marianna Waters | members of the Women's Project |
| Peggy Papp | worked to challenge the blame on women (mothers) for mental and relational illness |
| Olga Silverstein | primary work was on mother-son relationship |
| Lynn Hoffman | social worker, studied with MRI, worked with Philadelphia Child Guidance Center, worked at Ackerman Institute, with Peggy Papp and Olga Silverstein, influenced by Milan group |
| Lynn Hoffman | involved with Reflecting Team approach |
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