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PSYC100 Chapter 7
For exam #2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| memory research methods | recognition, free/cued recall, relearning |
| recall memory | asked to remember something you have previously learned without again seeing the material. free (no hints) and cued (with hints). |
| three-system model of memory | dominant memory theory. There are three separate components of the overall memory system: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long term memory. |
| sensory memory | part of dominant three-system model of memory; specific to a particular sensory modality and very briefly continues the sensation of a stimulus after that stimulus ends. iconic (visual) and echoic (auditory). less than .5 seconds. |
| short-term memory | part of dominant three-system model of memory; a system that retains a limited amount of information for a brief time (15-30 sec.) encoding most often acoustic, seven (+/- 2) items recalled, capacity increased by chunking (3-4 items). |
| George Miller | "The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two" |
| Brown-Peterson Paradigm | method for studying the duration of STM (counting backwards while trying to remember string of three consonants) |
| levels of processing theory of memory | alternative to the three-system model and holds that there is really just one memory storehouse, which contains information at differing levels or depths. developed by Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart. structural, phonemic and semantic encoding. |
| maintenance rehearsal | simple repetition; can serve to keep information active in short-term memory indefinitely. |
| elaborative rehearsal | facilitates transfer of information from short-term to long-term; analyze new information and relate it to patterns of information already stored in long-term memory. |
| structural encoding | part of levels of processing theory; superficial because it relies primarily on physical properties of the stimulus. |
| phonemic encoding | part of levels of processing theory; helps achievement of greater depth, repetition of the word and note what it sounds like. |
| semantic encoding | part of levels of processing theory; provides greatest depth, accomplished through elaborative rehearsal and actively understand the meaning. |
| working memory theory | alternative to the three-system model; short term memory is seen as a working memory. Working memory serves as a central processor that controls the flow of information in and out of the memory system. |
| serial position effect | the probability of retrieval is affectred by the position of any given item in a list or series relative to the other items in the set. studied in free-recall experiments. primacy (near the beginning, LTM) and recency (near the end at least STM) effects |
| long-term memory | part of dominant three-system theory of memory; storage of memories for long periods of time. Use of semantic and visual encoding. |
| semantic encoding | encoding in terms of meaning, greatest depth and best recall, |
| Stephen Kosslyn | has shown that the amount of deail you recall from visual encoding depends on the size of the image your brain generates. |
| encoding specificity principle | memory is best when specific cues present during encoding are available at recall or recognition. |
| constructive memory | use of existing knowledge, expectancies, or biases to modify new, incoming information. |
| schema | a mental representation of a category of objects, people, or events. constructive memory is accomplished through the use of schemas. |
| declarative memory | memory for specific facts and personal experiences, episodic and semantic. |
| procedural or nondeclarative | memory for motor, cognitive, and perceptual skills. |
| episodic memory | stores facts relating to information we have received or experiences we have had |
| semantic memory | less specifically focused on particular times and places and deals with a variety of meaningful information, such as general concepts and rules. |
| eidetic memory | a form of visual coding and storage in which a highly detailed visual image of the stimulus is retained. |
| Paivio's dual coding theory | incorporates both semantic and visual coding. |
| Ebbinghaus curve | shows that forgetting is rapid at first, then becomes more and more gradual. |
| trace-decay theory | failure to store information permanently in memory; forgetting results when memory traces in the brain weaken and disappear with the passage in time. decay in long term memory has not been shown. |
| disuse theory | the repeated retrieval of similar information leads to memory loss. |
| interference theory | some active process must interfere with learned material, causing it to be unlearned. Retroactive and proactive. |
| retrieval failure theory | memories, though stored, cannot be recalled because the appropriate retrieval cues are not present. |
| motivational theory | forgetting based on needs and desires. Freud says that selective forgetting is a result of repression |
| Karl Lashley | a memory trace (engram) is left in the brain whenever learning occurs; engrams are stored anywhere in the cortex. evidence does not support this. |
| Donald Hebb | two stage neural theory of memory formation: short-term memory, learning causes formation of cell assemblies, reverberations can change the strength of synaptic connections so that when reverberations stop, memory is maintained. |
| connectionist models | a memory consists of a set of associations formed through such processes as classical and operant conditioning. most memories are stored in sets of interconnected neurons, scattered across brain. |
| neural network | set of neurons linked together through synaptic connections to form a circuit. |
| parallel distributed processing | occurance of many simultaneous operations deistributed across many locations in the brain. |
| anterograde amnesia | patient experieces a loss of memory for events following a trauma. |
| retrograde amnesia | memories lost are for a period preceeding the trauma. |
| Korsakoff's syndrome | irreversible brain damage caused by excessive drinking, with anterograde and retrograde amnesia. |
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maryam
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