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Developmental Test

Chapter 9 and 10

QuestionAnswer
Social Development -Become integrated into social community. -Socialization -Social roles -But also becomes a distinctive individual -Personality formation -Self-concept
Social Community -Socialization -Acquire standards, values, and knowledge of their society -Social roles -Social categories that tell child how to behave, their duties, and obligations
Personality -Personality formation -Unique patterns of feeling, thinking, and behaving in different circumstances -Temperament, emotions, interests, and intellectual abilities -Shaped by society
Self- Concept -Set of attributes, abilities, attitudes, and values that an individual believes defines who he or she is -Development -Self-esteem -Judgment about own worth and feelings associated with those judgments
Parents and Children -Both take part in social development -Parents teach child how to behave -Pick neighborhood -Children select and interpret messages
Identification -Try to look,act,feel, and be like significant people in social environment -Sex-role identity -Ethnic identity
Sex-Role Identity -Gender segregation -Preference to play with same sex -Gender typed -Any association of objects, activities, roles, or traits with one sex or the other in ways that conform to cultural stereotypes -Gender stereotypical
Biological -Sex preference seems to be displayed in most mammalian species -Maccoby(1998) -Sex hormones affect human play -High levels of androgen -More "masculine"behavior in girls
Psychodynamic View -Freud -Oedipus complex -Penis envy -Current research and critics
Environmental Learning -Modeling -Differential reinforcement -Gender stereotypes communicated in culture -Rust and Colleagues
Cognitive Development -Kohlberg(1966) -Three stages -Basic sex role identity -Sex role stability -Sex role constancy -Critics
Combined Approach -Gender Schema Theory -Combines social learning and cognitive approach -Tells us whether to approach of withdraw
Reduce Gender Stereotyping -Gender identity a good predictor of psychological adjustment -Masculine and androgynous individuals have higher self-esteem than "feminine" individuals. -Try to reduce exposure to gender stereotyped messages
Ethic Identity -Sense of belonging to an ethnic group -Doll Preference -Clarks(1939, 1950) -Girl like Me -Barbie doll study -Racial socialization
Moral Development -Internalization -External experience becomes internal psychological process that tells us how to behave -Psychoanalytical perspective -Social learning
Psychoanalytic Perspective -Freud -Id -Ego -Superego -Want to avoid guilt -Fear of punishment and lose of parental love lead to consciousness formation
Social Learning -Reinforcement -Operant conditioning in not enough to acquire morel responses -Modeling -Follow those who are warm and responsive competent and powerful, and consistent in behavior and assertions -Effects of punishment
Emotion -Gain emotional understanding, talk about feelings, respond appropriately to emotions and empathy -4-5 years can correctly judge causes of basic emotions -Social influence -Mother -Make-believe play
Emotional Regulation -Controlling expressions of emotions -Between 2 and 6 years old , develop new strategies to regulate emotions -Contributions -Language -Temperament -Parental help
Self Conscious Emotion -Child becomes increasingly sensitive to blame and praise when concept of self develops
Aggression -An act intended to harm another -Instrumental -To obtain something -Hostile -Intended to injure regardless of goal -Types -Physical -Verbal -Relational
Cause and Controls -Biological -Dominance -Testosterone -Social/Cultural -Learn aggression by imitating others and being rewarded -Emotional/cognitive -Aggressive child may misinterpret an event and react with aggression
Parenting Style -Authoritative -Authoritarian -Permissive -Uninvolved
Created by: 1350900100
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