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Stack #55358
chapters 13, 14, 16, 17
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| personality | an individual's unique, relatively consistent pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving. |
| id | freud's theory, the part of the personality that contains inborn biological drives and that seeks immediate gratification. |
| pleasure principle | the process by which the id seeks immediate gratification of its impulses. |
| ego | freud's theory, the part of the personaility that helps the individual adapt to external reality by making compromises between the id, the superego, and the environment. |
| reality principle | the process by which ego directs the individual to express sexual and aggressive impulses in socially acceptable ways. |
| superego | freud's theory, part of the personality that acts as a moral guide telling us what we shoul and should not do. |
| defense mechanism | freud's theory, a process that distorts reality to prevent the individual from being overwhelmed by anxiety. |
| libido | sexual energy of the id. |
| oral stage | stage of personality development between birth and age 1 year, during which the infant gains pleasure from oral activities and faces a conflict over weaning. |
| anal stage | stage of personality development between ages 1 and 3, during which the child gains pleasure from defecation and faces a conflict over toilet training. |
| phallic stage | stage of personality development between ages 3 and 5, during which the child gains pleasure from the genitals and must resolve the Oedipus complex. |
| Oedipus complex | conflict, during the phallic stage, between the child's sexual desire for the parent of the opposite sex and fear of punishment from the same-sex parent. |
| Electra complex | a term used by some psychoanalysts, but not by Freud, to refer to the Oedipus complex in girls. |
| latency stage | stage between age 5 and puberty, during which there is little psychosexual development. |
| genital stage | last stage of personality development, associated with puberty, during which the individual develops erotic attachments to others. |
| personal unconscious | jung's theory, the individual's own unconscious mind, which contains repressed memories. |
| collective unconscious | jung's theory, the unconscious mind that is shared by all human beings and that contains archetypal images passed down from our prehistoric ancestors. |
| archetypes | images that are passed down from our prehistoric ancestors and that reveal themselves as universal symbols in art, dreams, and religion. |
| extravert | person who is socially outgoing and prefers to pay attention to the external environment. |
| introvert | person who is socially reserved and prefers to pay attention to his or her private mental experiences. |
| projective test | freudian personality test based on the assumption that individuals project their unconscious feelings when responding to ambiguous stimuli. |
| Rorschach test | basic assumption of the Rorschach test is that what we report seeing in a series of inkblots will reveal our unconscious motives and conflicts. |
| trait | a relatively enduring, cross-situationally consistent personality characteristic that is inferred from a person's behavior. |
| reciprocal determinism | Bandura's belief that cognitive factors, environmental factors, and overt behavior affect each other. |
| self-effeciency | person's belief that she or he can perform behaviors that are necessary to bring about a desired outcome. |
| collective efficacy | people's perception that with collaborative effort the group will obtain its desired outcome. |
| self-schema | specialized cognitive structures about the self. |
| self-actualization | maslow's theory, individual's predisposition to try to fulfill her or his potentials. |
| temperament | a person's characteristic emotional state, first apparent in early infancy and possible inborn. |
| somatotype | sheldon's theory, a physique associated with a particular temperament. |
| psychopatholoy | study of psychological disorders. |
| diathesis-stress model | assumption that psychological disorders are consequences of the interaction of a biological, inherited predisposition and exposure to stressful life experiences. |
| anxiety disorder | psychological disorder marked by persistent anxiety that disrupts everyday functioning. |
| generalized anxiety disorder | anxiety disorder marked by a persistent state of anxiety that exists independently of any particular stressful situation. |
| obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) | anxiety disorder in which the person has recurrent, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and recurrent urges to perform ritualistic actions (compulsions). |
| panic disorder | anxiety disorder marked by sudden, unexpected attacks of overwhelming anxiety, often associated with the fear of dying or losing ones mind. |
| phobia | excessive or inappropriate fear. |
| simple phobia | phobia of a specific object or situation. |
| social phobia | phobia of situations that involve public scrutiny |
| agoraphobia | fear of bing in public, usually because the person fears the embarassment of a panic attack. |
| somatoform disorder | psychological disorder characterized by physical symptoms in the absence of disease or injury. |
| hyponchondriasis | somatoform disorder in which the person interprets the slightest physcical changes as evidence of a serious illness. |
| conversion disorder | person exhibits motor or sensory loss or the alteration of a physiological function without any apparent physical cause. |
| dissociative disorder | thoughts, feelings, and memories become separated from conscious awareness. |
| dissociative amnesia | inability to recall personally significant memories. |
| dissociative fugue | memory loss characteristic of dissociative amnesia as well as the loss of one's identity and fleeing from one's prior life. |
| dissociative identity disorder | multiple personality disorder. |
| mood disorder | prolonged periods of extreme depression or elation often unrelated to person's current situation. |
| major depression | depression so intense and prolonged that the person may be unable to function in everyday life. |
| seasonal affective disorder (SAD) | severe depression arises during a particular season, usually the winter but sometimes the summer. |
| bipolar disorder | periods of mania alternating with longer periods of major depression. |
| mania | marked by euphoria, hyperactivity, grandiose ideas, annoying talkativeness, unrealistic optimism, and inflated self-esteem. |
| schizophrenia | grossly impaired social, emotional, cognitive, and perceptual functioning. |
| disorganized schizophrenia | type marked by severe personality deterioration and extremely bizarre behavior. |
| catatonic schizophrenia | type marked by unusual motor behavior, such as bizarre actions, extreme agitation, or immobile stupor. |
| paranoid schizophrenia | type marked by hallucenations, delusions, suspiciousness, and argumentativeness. |
| personality disorder | enduring inflexible, maladaptive patterns of behavior |
| borderline personality disorder (BPD) | marked by impulsivity, unstable moods, an inconsistent sense of identity, and difficulty maintaining intimate relationships. |
| antisocial personality disorder | marked by impulsive, manipulative, often criminal behavior, without any feelings of guilt in the perpetrator. |
| health psychology | field that applies psychological principles to the prevention and treatment of physical illness. |
| stress | physiological response of the body to physical and psychological demands. |
| stressor | physical or psychological demand that induces physiological adjustment. |
| post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | syndrome of physical and psychological symptoms that appears as a delayed response after exposure to an extremely emotionally distressing event. |
| general adaption syndrome | body's stress response, which includes the stages of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. |
| type A behavior | marked by impatience, hostility, and extreme competitiveness that is associated with the development of coronary heart disease. |
| psychoneuroimmunology | field that studies the relationship between psychological factors and physical illness. |
| physiological reactivity | extent to which a person displays increases in heart rate, blood pressure, stress hormone secretion, and other physiological activity in response to stressors. |
| cognitive appraisal | subjective interpretation of the severity of a stressor. |
| explanatory style | tendency to explain events optimistically or pessimistically. |
| perceived control | degree to which a person feels in control over life's stressors. |
| learned helplessness | feeling of futility caused by the belief that one has little or no control over events in one's life, which can make one stop trying and become depressed. |
| burnout | state of physical and psychological exhaustion associated with chronic exposure to uncontrollable stress. |
| psychological hardiness | set of personality characteristics marked by feelings of commitment, challenge, and control that promotes resistance to stress. |
| social support | availability of support from other people, whether tangible or intangible. |
| stress-inoculation training | type of cognitive therapy tha thelps clients change their pessimistic thinking into more positive thinking when in stressful situations. |
| progressive relaxation | stress-management procedure that involves the successive tensing and relaxing of each of the major muscle groups of the body. |
| social psychology | field that studies how the actual, imagined, or implied presence of other people affects one another's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. |
| social cognition | process of perceiving, interpreting, and predicting social behavior. |
| casual attribution | cognitive process by which we infer the causes of both our own and other people's social behavior. |
| fundamental attribution error | the bias to attribute other people's behavior to dispositional factors. |
| self-serving bias | tendency to make dispositional attributions for one's successes and situational attributions for one's failures. |
| person perception | process of making judgements about the personal characteristics of others. |
| impression management | deliberate attempt to control the impression that others form of us. |
| social schema | cognitive structure comprising the presumed characteristics of a role, an event, a person, or a group. |
| stereotype | social schema that incorporates characateristics, which can be positive or negative, supposedly shared by almost all members of a group. |
| self-fulfilling prophecy | tendency for one person's expectations to influence another person to behave in accordance with them. |
| passionate love | love characterized by intense emotional arousal and sexual feelings. |
| companionate love | love characterized by feelings of affection and commitment to a relationship with another person. |
| attitude | an evaluatio- containing cognitive, emotional, and behavioral components- of an idea event, object, or person. |
| persuasion | attempt to influence the attitudes of other people. |
| elaboration likelihood theory | theory of persuasion that considers the extent to which messages take a central route or a peripheral route. |
| sleeper effect | responding favorably to a persuasive message following the mere passage of time after having initially rejected it because of a strong peipheal factor, such as not trusting the source of the message. |
| cognitive-dissonance theory | attitude change is motivated by the desire to relieve the unpleasant state of arousal caused when one holds cognitions and/or behaviors that are consistent with each other. |
| self-perception theory | we infer our attitudes from our behavior in the same way that we infer other people's attitudes form their behavior. |
| prejudice | positive or negative attitude toward a person based on her or his membership in a particular group. |
| authoritarian personality | personality type marked by the tendency to obey superiors while dominating subordinates, to favor one's own group while being prejudiced against other groups, and to be unwilling to admit one's own faults while projecting them onto members of other groups |
| group | collection of two or more persons who interact and have mutual influence on each other. |
| group polarization | tendency for groups to make more extreme decisions than their members would make as individuals. |
| groupthink | tendency of small, cohesive groups to place unanimity ahead of critical thinking in making decisions. |
| social facilitation | effect of the presence of other people on a person's task performance on simple or well-learned tasks improved and performance on complex or poorly learned tasks impaired. |
| social loafing | decrease in the individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task. |
| conformity | behaving in accordance with group expectations with little or no overt pressure to do so. |
| compliance | behaving in accordance with a request that is backed by little or no threat of punishment. |
| foot-in-the-door technique | increasing the likelihood that a person will comply with a request by first getting the person to comply with a smaller one. |
| door-in-the-face technique | increasing the likelihood that a person will comply witha request by first getting the person to reject a larger one. |
| obediance | following orders given by an authority. |
| aggression | verbal or physical behavior aimed at harming another person. |
| frustration-aggression hypothesis | assumption that frustration causes aggression. |
| deindividuation | process by which group members become less aware of themselves as individuals and less concerned about being socially evaluated. |
| prosocial behavior | behavior that helps others in need. |
| altruism | helping of others without the expectation of a reward. |
| nagative state of relief theory | we engage in prosocial behavior to relieve our own state of emotional distress at another's plight. |
| bystander intervention | act of helping someone who is in immediate need of aid. |
Created by:
PaulBraun
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