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AP Psychology Unit 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Psychological disorder | a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior |
| 2 Perspectives on Psychological Disorders: | 1. Medical Model- concept that mental illness can be cured with medical treatment (like a disease) 2. Biopsychosocial Approach- biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors interact to produce specific psychological disorders |
| 3 Types of Anxiety Disorders | 1. General anxiety disorder (GAD) 2. Panic disorder 3. Phobia |
| General anxiety disorder (GAD) | a person is continually tense and worried for six months or more |
| Panic disorder | a person experiences panic attacks- sudden episodes of intense dread accompanied with chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations with fear over a possible next attack |
| Phobia | a person is intensely and irrationally afraid of a specific object, activity, or situation |
| 3 Types of Depressive Disorders | 1. Major depressive disorder 2. Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) 3. Bipolar disorder or manic-depressive disorder |
| Schizophrenia | a disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished emotional expression - liked to abundance of dopamine |
| Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia | inappropriate behaviors that are present in the person - ex. hallucinations (hearing voices) and delusions |
| Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia | appropriate behaviors that are absent in the person - ex. feelings of apathy and loss of interest |
| DSM-5 | used by clinicians to classify psychological disorders to predict the future course of the disorder, suggest appropriate treatment, and prompt research into its causes |
| Dissociative identity disorder (DID) or multiple personality disorder | a psychological disorder characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality identities - abnormal brain anatomy and abnormal brain activity |
| Personality disorders | inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning |
| Antisocial personality disorder | a personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing - lack of empathy, persistent lying, exploiting other, impulsiveness, and violent behavior |
| Anorexia nervosa | an eating disorder in which a person maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight; accompanied by excessive exercise - view themselves as fat |
| Bulimia nervosa | an eating disorder in which a person’s binge eating is followed by inappropriate weight-loss promoting behavior, such as vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise - weight fluctuations within or above normal ranges |
| Binge-eating disorder | an eating disorder in which a person consumes large amounts of food, followed by feelings of guilt and distress - overeat, then feel remorseful and are overweight |
| Epigenetics | the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change |
| Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) | a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention/distractibility and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity - drugs for treatment: Ritalin and Adderall |
| Dysfunctional or Maladaptive | interferes with normal day-to-day life and causes a significant disturbance in one’s life |
| Trephining | brutal treatment of mental illness in the Stone age drilling holes into the skull to release “evil spirits” and cure mental disorders |
| Diathesis-Stress Model | a psychological theory suggesting that mental disorders result from a combination of genetic risk factors interreacting with environmental factors |
| Agoraphobia | fear or avoidance of situations where one feels a loss of control - public places |
| Anxiety disorders | psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety |
| Social anxiety disorder | aka social phobia intense fear and avoidance of social situations |
| Obsessive-compulsive disorder | a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both |
| Obsessions | unwanted, repetitive thoughts |
| Compulsions | behavioral (response to obsessions) |
| Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) | a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience |
| Psychoanalytic theory | by Freud beginning in childhood, people repress intolerable impulses, ideas, and feelings; this submerged mental energy sometimes leaks out in odd symptoms - ex. anxious handwashing |
| Major depressive disorder | a disorder in which a person experiences two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure |
| Persistent depressive disorder (Dysthymia) | experience a mildly depressed mood for two years or more |
| Bipolar disorder (formerly called Manic-Depressive Disorder) | a disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania |
| Mania | a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgement is common - abundance of norepinephrine which boosts arousal and mood |
| What are biological factors that contribute to depression? | Genetic - hereditary, runs in families Abnormalities in brain structure and function - decrease in myelinated axons - enlarged fluid-filled ventricles Neurotransmitters - norepinephrine increases arousal - serotonin scarce in depressive states |
| Rumination | overthinking our problems and their causes |
| Non suicidal self-injury (NSSI) | more common in adolescence and among females who tend to experience bullying, harassment, and other life stress painful but not fatal behaviors - ex. cutting skin, inserting objects under nails |
| Psychotic disorder | a group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality |
| Hallucinations | false sensory perceptions |
| Delusions | false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur |
| Chronic schizophrenia (aka Process schizophrenia) | form of schizophrenia in which symptoms appear gradually by late adolescence or early adulthood - More negative symptoms and unlikely recovery |
| Acute schizophrenia (aka Reactive schizophrenia) | a form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age usually in response to a traumatic event - More positive symptoms and likely recovery |
| Antagonist drugs | block receptors |
| Agonist drugs | activate receptors |
| Somatic symptom disorder | a psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause |
| Conversion disorder | a disorder related to somatic symptom disorder in which a person experiences very specific, physical symptoms that are not compatible with recognized medical conditions - symptoms: unexplained paralysis, blindness, or inability to swallow |
| Illness anxiety disorder | a disorder related to somatic symptom disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease - ex. interpreting a headache for a disease |
| Dissociative disorders | controversial, rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings |
| Psychotherapy | treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth |
| Biomedical therapy | treats psychological disorders with medications or procedures that act directly on a patient’s physiology |
| Eclectic (approach) | combines techniques from various forms of psychotherapy |
| Psychoanalysis | by Freud 1. Theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives 2. Therapeutic technique used to treat psychological disorders with patient's free associations and therapist’s interpretations to release repressed feelings |
| Free association | the mental process by which one word or image may spontaneously suggest another without any apparent connection |
| Resistance (in psychoanalysis) | the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material |
| Interpretation (in psychoanalysis) | the analyst’s noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight |
| Transference (in psychoanalysis) | the patient’s transfer to the analyst of [strong] emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent) |
| Psychodynamic therapy | therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition; views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and seeks to enhance self-insight |
| Insight therapies | therapies which aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person’s awareness of underlying motives and defenses - includes psychoanalytic and humanistic therapies |
| Client-centered therapy | by Carl Rogers person-centered therapy, a humanistic therapy in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within an accepting, genuine, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth |
| Active listening | feature of Roger’s client-centered therapy empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies |
| Unconditional positive regard | a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Rogers believed would help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance |
| Behavior therapists | therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors - focus on the behavior, not the thought process |
| Counterconditioning | behavior therapy procedure uses classical conditioning: pairs the trigger stimulus (ex. Enclosed space of an elevator) with a new response (relaxation) that is incompatible with fear - two forms are: exposure therapies and aversive conditioning |
| Exposure therapies | behavioral techniques that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imaginary or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid - such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy |
| Systematic desensitization | a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli used to treat phobias |
| Virtual reality exposure therapy | counterconditioning technique that treats anxiety through creative electronic simulations in which people can safely face their greatest fears - ex. airplane flying |
| Aversive conditioning | a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol) |
| Token economy | an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange tokens for privileges or treats |
| Cognitive therapies | therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions |
| Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT) | by Albert Ellis a confrontational cognitive therapy that vigorously challenges people’s illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions - belief is that problems arise from irrational thinking |
| Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) | a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior) |
| Group therapy | therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, providing benefits from group interaction |
| Family therapy | therapy that treats people in the context of their family system; views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members |
| Meta-analysis | a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies |
| Evidence-based practice | clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences |
| Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) | by Francine Shapiro - Helps those with PTSD - Treats a patient by having them recall a traumatic event in their mind while having them move their eyes which uses a combination of exposure therapy and the placebo effect |
| Light therapy | - Helps with seasonal depression - Exposure to light to improve mood |
| Therapeutic alliance | a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client’s problem |
| Biomedical therapy | treats psychological disorders with medications or procedures that act directly on a patient’s physiology - treatments: drugs, electrical stimulation, magnetic impulse, and lifestyle changes |
| Psychopharmacology | study of the effect of drugs on mind and behavior |
| Psychoactive drugs | effect mind and behavior by blocking the reuptake of neurotransmitters - three categories are antipsychotic drugs, antianxiety drugs, and antidepressant drugs |
| Antipsychotic drugs | drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder - function as dopamine blockers |
| Antianxiety drugs | drugs used to control anxiety and agitation (PTSD and OCD) by depressing the CNS - ex. Xanax, Ativan |
| Antidepressant drugs | drugs used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, OCD, PTSD, (several widely used antidepressant drugs are SSRIs) increasing the availability of serotonin or norepinephrine by blocking the reuptake process - ex. Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil |
| Mood-stabilizing medications | treats epilepsy and helps control manic episodes associated with bipolar disorder |
| Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) | a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient |
| Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) | the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain through a magnetic coil to stimulate or suppress brain activity |
| Psychosurgery | surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior |
| Lobotomy | procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients by cutting the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain |
| Posttraumatic growth | positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises |
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Rach3
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