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Theories Exam #3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Founders FT | Laura Brown, Jean Baker Miller, Sandra Bem (Bem sex role inventory) |
| History/ Development of FT | The women’s movement of the 1960s laid the foundation for the development of feminist therapy |
| Key Concepts FT (1-2) | 1. Problems are viewed in a sociopolitical/ cultural context → problems seen as social in nature 2. Psychological oppression that women/ minorities have experienced is acknowledged |
| Key Concepts FT (3-4) | 3. The client is the expert abt their own life → therapist is NOT the expert 4. Emphasis on educating clients abt the therapy process (uses psychoeducation) |
| Key Concepts FT (5-6) | 5. Traditional ways of assessing psychological health are challenged 6. Individual change occurs through social change → the environment changing around you |
| Key Concepts FT (7) | 7. Personality development- gendered → based on gender/ identity → how are the genders boxed in - EX: sports (men more into contact sports and girls in ballet/ cheerleading- different in sports that are available) |
| View of Human Nature- NEUTRAL | NO assumptions made - be nondirective/ directive= client is expert of own life/ therapist finds a balance to teach/ keep equal relationship |
| Relational-Cultural Theory | Emphasizes the role that relationships/ connectedness w/ others play in the lives of women |
| GOALS Relational cultural (1-2) | 1. Lessen suffering from disconnection/ isolation 2. Increase clients’ capacit for relational resilience (being able to engage in healthy relaitonships that are mutually benefical) |
| GOALS Relational cultural (3-4) | 3. Develop mutual empathy/ mutual empowerment 4. Foster social justice |
| Principles of FT (1) | The personal is political/ critical consciousness are central concepts → ones personal experience is rooted in socio-cultural/ political environment - reflect on one’s bodily-autonomy |
| Principles of FT (2) | Voices of those oppressed are valued → they should be heard rather than ppl in power |
| Principles of FT (3) | The counseling relationship is egalitarian → a lot of effort to shift the power imbalance/ categorized by equal power - therapist might openly talk to client abt their identity (power/ role differences) |
| FT Goals (1) | Increase awareness of gender-role socialization/ how oppressive societal norms - beliefs influence lives/ own thinking |
| FT Goals (2) | Root out and reject internalized sexism/ other “isms” → internalized homophobia/ fair amount of disucssion abt these isms in therapy |
| FT Goals (3) | EMPOWERMENT- develop clients’ personal/ social power → re-structure institutions, trust own inner voice/ experience, find power in relationships |
| Role of Assessment + Diagnosis FT | FT is CRITICAL of the DSM classification system, including the current DSM-5-TR - REJECT DSM completely --> operate off certain stereotypes/ biases of white men |
| Health FT | Aware of/ communicates abt unjust systems - Distress is a NATURAL response to oppression/ is healthy bc of the unequal status that diff groups have in our culture |
| Dsyfunction FT | Feminist theorists reject typical models of dysfunction altogether - dsyfunction is NOT VALID |
| FT Techniques (1) | 1. Self-disclosure → the therapist disclosing some parts of their life to model authenticity w/ the client/ create equal relationship |
| FT Techniques (2) | 2. Gender-role or Social Identity Analysis --> client starts to identify messages of all identities in society, intersectionality, interaction between diff parts of identity |
| FT Techniques (3-4) | 3. Gender-role Intervention → place issue in context of society/ so it is not seen as a personal problem 4. Power analysis --> anaylze how forms of power and looking at where the client is struggling w/ empowerment/ how to get some back |
| FT Techniques (5) | 5. Assertiveness Training → teaching/ promoting assertive behavior to client |
| FT Techniques (6) | 6. Reframing / Relabeling --> shifting from victim blaming language that acknowledges environmental issues to reframe their concerns in a lighter notes |
| FT Techniques (7) | Social Action + Group Work → encouraged to join groups/ take action to make voices heard (activism) + women getting together/ connect |
| Role of Men in FT | - Understand/ own their male privledge - Confront sexist behavior in themselves/ others - Redefine masculinity/ feminitiy + establishing egalitarian relationships - Support women’s effort to create a JUST society |
| Diversity Strengths FT | 1. Most in common w/ the multicultural/ social justice perspectives 2. Clincians strive to create an egalitarian relationship/ collaborate w/ clients 3. Believe psychotherapy is bound to culture |
| Diversity Limitations FT | 1. Advocating for social change can be problematic when clients do not share these beliefs 2. Therapists may run the risk of imposing their own (feminist) values onto clients |
| Contributions of FT (1-2) | 1. Paved the way for gender-sensitive practice/ awareness of culutre/ oppression → this theory elevates culture 2.Encourages social change → encourages activism |
| Contributions of FT (3-4) | 3. Theoretical / professional advances in counseling practice 4. Called attention to abuses/ violence against women/ children → this was being pushed under the rug |
| Limitations of FT (1-2) | 1. Therapists don’t take a value neutral stance (different from human nature) --> imposing values 2. Heavy sociopolitical focus may detract from internal experiences → focus too much what’s going on outside you, not attending enough internally |
| Limitations of FT (3-4) | 3. Training / practice is non-systematic → no certification for feminist therapy 4. NOT a lot of research support |
| SFBT Founders | - Steve Descher & Ensure Berg |
| Postmodernism | modern world has ended or time to recognize modern world has reached its end point/ critize fundamental institutions of modern world |
| Social Constructionism (1-2) | 1. Client is the expert 2. Dialogue (therapist/ client) used to elicit perspective, resources, unique client experiences |
| Social Constructionism (3-4) | 3. Questions empower clients to speak/ to express their diverse positions 4. The therapist supplies optimism/ the process |
| SC Therapy GOALS (1-2) | 1. Generate new meaning in client’s lives 2. Co-develop solutions → collaborate (client/ therapist collaborate to find solutions) |
| SC Therapy GOALS (3-4) | 3. Increase awareness of effects of the dominant culture has on the individual 4. Develop alternative ways of being → not looking into the past |
| SC Key Concepts | 1. Reality is subjective (own sense of reality) 2. Values the client’s reality without disputing whether its accurate or not 3. Knowledge of reality is socially constructed via language 4. Collaborative, consultative therapist stance (NOT expert) |
| View of Human Nature- OPTIMISTIC (SFBT) | people have the ability to construct workable solutions → might need a little support, but find own solutions |
| Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) | - Positive orientation: people are healthy/ competent - Present & future are the focus - Therapy examines what is WORKING - Finding exceptions to their problems |
| SFBT difference from other approaches | - Part of the focus is on the future - Treatment could be done in 1 session - Does NOT focus on the problem → FOCUS ON THE SOLUTION |
| Basic Assumption of SFBT | 1. People can create their own solutions 2. Small changes can lead to large changes 3. Client is the EXPERT on own life 4. Therapy= collaborative partnership |
| Health SFBT | Client decides what health is/ also decide when they think they are done w/ therapy |
| Dsyfunction SFBT | Just feeling stuck (stuckness) in symptoms or patterns Largely seen as irrevalent Don’t care about the causes of problems just want to help w/ solutions |
| Questions in SFBT | Asking “HOW questions” that imply change can open up possibilities - EX: How did you use those tools to get past those problems? |
| Types of Relationships in SFBT | 1. customer 2. complainant 3. visitor |
| Customer | Client/ therapist are jointly going to identify problems and move on from it/ find a soltuion MOST ideal |
| Complainant | Client describes a problem, but unwilling to take an active role in constructing a solution |
| Visitor | Come in bc someone else thinks they have a problem or told them to go to therapy - least ideal |
| Techniques in SFBT (1-2) | 1. Pre-therapy change → what have you done since you made the appointment to address this problem 2. Formula first session task → homework between 1st-2nd session/ offer client hope / instill hope (move toward change) |
| Techniques in SFBT (3-4) | 3. Expection questions → direct to point in life when problem didn’t exist (when did problem not exist/ what strengths used?) 4. Miracle question → if a miracle happened and the problem just floated away, what would be different in your life |
| Techniques in SFBT (5-6) | 5. Scaling questions → creating a number → on a scale of 0-10 wheres your confidence that you can solve this problem 6. Therapist feedback to clients --> will give some feedback to client (verbally) or write it down |
| Techniques in SFBT (7) | Terminating → ending therapy - it begins at the first session of what it will take to be done w/ therapy |
| Founders NT | Michael White (austrailian)/ David Episton (new zealand) |
| Narrative Therapy (NT) | - Encourages clients to share their stories - Listen to a problem-saturated” story - Help client name the problem/ separate from it |
| Health NT | - Living “preferred” narrative - Personal agency/ awareness of multistoried nature |
| Dysfunction NT | - Life stories are problem-saturated |
| Process of NT | 1. Demonstrate respectful curiosity/ persistence 2. Ask questions / search for expectations 3. Help clients create new narrative → new life stories |
| Role of Therapist of NT | - Active facilitator - Demonstrates respectful curiosity, openness, empathy - Believes in client’s abilities - Takes a “not-knowing” stance - Collaborate w/ clients to construct a NEW story |
| Techniques of NT (1-2) | 1. Used to generate experience 2. Assist clients in exploring dimensions of their life situations |
| Techniques of NT (3-4) | 3. Can lead to taking apart “problem-saturated” stories → asking the right questions 4. Problem is externalized → giving a separate word or problem and seeing it outside of one’s self/ putting it outside of one’s body |
| Techniques of NT (5-6) | 5. Problem-saturated stories are deconstructed → placing the problem outside of the client 6. Unique possibility questions enable clients to focus on their future → NO special questions, the therapist has to be present |
| Techniques of NT (7) | An appreciative audience helps new stories to take root → goes tells someone abt your new narrative, find an audience (tell friend or family how life story has changed) |
| Diversity Strengths NT (1) | Social constructionism is congruent w/ multiculturalism → reality is subjective (social, discrimination, racial)/ open to many possibilities |
| Diversity Strengths NT (2) | Clients encoruaged to explore how their realities are constructed (culturally)/ the consequences that follow |
| Diversity Limitations NT (1) | Adpoting a “not knowing” stance may lead clinets from some cultures to lose confidence in therapist → some cultures prefer expertise and more descriptive approach that is directive |
| Diversity Limitations NT (2) | Therapist may fail to communicate that they’re experts in therapeutic process |
| Contributions of Postmodern Apporaches (1) | Due to OPTIMISTIC orientation → clients can make progress in a short time |
| Contributions of Postmodern Apporaches (2) | Practitioners adopt a nonpathologizing stance → focus more on solution/ deconstruct story |
| Contributions of Postmodern Apporaches (3) | Thoughtful use of questioning, the centerpiece of both approaches → want clients to find the answers themselves to move toward growth/ change |
| Limitations of Postmodern Apporaches (1) | Therapists must be skilled in implementing brief interventions → take time/ ask right question at right time |
| Limitations of Postmodern Apporaches (2) | Reliance on techniques may negatively effect the therapeutic relationship → asking too many questions before gain clients trust can cause issues |
| Limitations of Postmodern Apporaches (3) | A “not-knowing” stance may cause client to lose confidence in the therapist → some need more structure/ this does NOT have structure |
| Limitations of Postmodern Apporaches (4) | MORE empirical research is needed for narrative therapy + ABSTRACT |
| Family Systems Therapy Founders | Bowen, Virgina Satir, Manuchin |
| FS Common Characteristics | 1. Individuals are understood through assessing the interactions within an entire family 2. The family is an interactional unit → the family is your CLIENT 3. Broadens the traditional emphasis on individual internal dynamics |
| View of Symptoms | Symptoms: expression of a dysfunction within an entire family → NOT within an individual |
| Problematic behaviors | 1. Serve a purpose for the family 2. Problematic behaviors inattentioally maintained by family processes 3. Reflect the family’s inability to operate productively 4. Symptomatic patterns handed down across generations |
| Satir’s Approach | Evolved from humanistic thought Emphasizes importance of self-esteem Communication in the family system should be congruent Family rules should be clear, flexible (adpat to your children), overt (explicit) |
| congruent | verbal/ nonverbal messages match (ex: fam says they love u, but abuse u= incongruent) |
| Satir’s Patterns of Communication → result of low self-esteem | Unhealth forms: - placating - blaming - computing - distracting Ideal form: - leveling |
| Placating | yes person who can’t say no to others/ always trying to seek approval from another family member/ always apologizing |
| Blaming | never taking responsibility (bossy dictator)/ not going to accept responsibility for any problems in the family → going to pass it off to another member |
| Computing | think of an computer (unemotional) distant, cruel/ cold, communicating is emotionless / looked very detatched |
| Distracting | never addressing point directly/ making no sense when talking → distracting from themselves |
| Leveling | communication is coherent (words make sense), congruent (non-verbal/ verbal messages match) open (hear other people’s perspectives), honest (not gonna lie abt what they experience) - IDEAL FORM |
| Satir’s Techniques | 1. Family sculpting 2. Family stress ballet 3. communication analysis |
| Family sculpting | poses that the therapist has the family take that reflect roles in the family or communication types → help explore emotions, thoughts, physiological reactions |
| Family Stress Ballet | family move in ways to illustrate their experience (various motions of the body) |
| Communication analysis | fam communication is examined/ tried to create experiences that promotes health communication → therapist will use support/ validation of each individual → encouraged to express feelings/ respect these communications |
| Satir's Treatment Goals (1) | Enhance self-esteem of family members → wanted each person to have a strong sense of self to be helpful for communication/ rest of family functioning |
| Satir's Treatment Goals (2) | Improve communication & congruence → having those non-verbal and verbal match up/ enhance communication |
| Satir's Treatment Goals (3) | Increase awareness → what are the types of communication patterns that family members are using to communicate/ what are some dysfunctional tactics coming into play |
| Satir's Treatment Goals (4) | Reshape relationships → as a result of all these changes / really improve the strength + connection in these relationships overall |
| Bowen Family Systems Therapy | - Evolved from psychoanalytic principles/ practices - Family viewed as EMOTIONAL unit - Maturity requires addressing unresolved emotions toward one’s family of origin |
| BFST | Differentiation of self → the level where one is able to balance togetherness/ separateness/ emotional process / wanted people to have a BALANCE → as measured by the scales |
| BFST aspects | 1. Emotional cutoff 2. emotional reactivity 3. fusion w/ others 4. "I" position |
| Emotional cutoff | degree to which a person feels threatened by intimacy / cuts off people/ contact / shutting off their emotions bc feel too vulnerable (can be emotional or physical) |
| Emotional reactivity | degree to which person experience hypersensitity to environmental stimuli, then reacts emotionally → seen NOT a good thing/ need to settlle down a bit |
| Fusion with Others (usually correlated w/ depression) | the level of emotional over-involvement with others → loose boundaries between you and others / those get blurred between identity + emotions |
| “I” Position | ability of a person to adhere to one’s own convictions when pressured to do otherwise → take s stand regardless of whether others agree/ stand up for themselves/ able to disagree /separatedness from others |
| Triangulation | where a third party is recruited or pulled in to reduce anxiety |
| BFST Treatment Goals (1) | Change the indvidual within the context of the system → can do this individually/ working on differentiating by themselves / work on own emotional reactions= increase differentiation score |
| BFST Treatment Goals (2) | End-generation to generation transmission of problems → verbal abuse, poor communication, disconnects → end those problems |
| BFST Treatment Goals (3) | Lessen anxiety, relieve symptoms → one’s differenaition score will increase/ increase differentiation of self (balance of separatedness/ togetherness) |
| BFST Treatment Goals (4) | Increase differentiation of self → very IMPORTANT to help change whole family system → seek to improve fam functioning |
| Salvador Minuchin- Structural Family Therapy | - Focus on family interactions to understand the structure (organization) of the family (hierarchy) - Symptoms= byproduct of structure failings - Structural changes MUST occur in a family before individual symptoms can be reduced |
| SFT Concepts | 1. the family hierarchy 2. boundaries |
| The family hierarchy | who in the family has the power? (healthy fam= parents has most of power but not all it/ not going to be athoritarian) → parents should have most of the power |
| Boundaries | considered to be rules that specify who participates in a subsystem (parent-child, parent-parent, child-child) → see how family interacts/ watching where ppl sits in family therapy, who talks first= that will communicate power |
| Types of Boundaries | 1. Clear 2. Disengaged/ rigid 3. Enmeshed / diffuse |
| Clear | IDEAL - when the lines of responsibility/ authority are overt, communicated, understood |
| Disengaged/ rigid | too rigid lines of responsbility / authority are strict + must be followed, but not necessarily communicated or explained → access to whoever has authority is very limited → members are isolated from each other (disengaged) |
| Enmeshed/ diffuse | boundaries are unclear / cross appropriate relational boundaries is frequent |
| Criticism of SFT | - sexist theory - Reinforced gender roles → that man should have all the power in the family/ never challenged these roles → didn’t think women expressing anger is allowed |
| SFT Techniques | 1. Enactment 2. Unbalancing 3. Boundary-making |
| Enactment | families are asked to acted out their usual behaviors / interactions during therapy → allow therapist to observe boundaries/ the hierarchies (talk the way they normally talk at home) |
| Unbalancing | disrupt the status quo by supporting one other fam member more in particular moment that shifts the power a little bit/ makes family feel a little bit unbalanced |
| Boundary-making | therapist aids in establishing apporiate boundaries within the family system → could strengthen boundaries that are already appropriate - depends on what kinds of boundaries already present |
| SFT Goals (1) | Modifying the family’s transactional rules → whatever they are using now to keep up the status quo is NOT working/ disrupt process by boundary-making - therapist will model for family to make the boundaries clear |
| SFT Goals (2) | Developing appropriate boundaries |
| SFT Goals (3) | Creating an effective hierarchical structure |
Created by:
lils33
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