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Chapter 2
CogPsych Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| SENSATION/DISTAL stimuli | Detecting info/stimulus |
| PERCEPTION/PROXIMAL stimuli | Interpreting info/stimulus |
| Word Superiority Effect | A letter in the context of a word is easier to understand gthan a floating letter |
| Change blindness | Missing a change in an event while focused on something else |
| Change blindness blindness | Being unaware of missing a change in an event |
| Inattentional blindness | Missing a new thing entering in an environment while focusing on a different thing |
| Gestalt Psychology | The whole is greater than the sum of its parts |
| Gestalt perceptual organization | Proximity, similarity, symmetry |
| Gestalt: Closure | Seeing a triangle in the image of three Pacman's faced towards each other |
| Figure-Ground Segregation | Seeing two faces OR a lit candle |
| Visual Perception uses... | Both top-down and bottom-up processes |
| Linear perspective | We still recognize parallel lines as straight even though they converge an become bent the farther they are |
| Aerial perspective | Distant things become more hazy |
| Texture gradient | Distant things appear more smooth than textured |
| Interposition | When things are overlapping, we can recognize that they're distinct objects and that one is behind the other |
| Shadows/shading | We can determine which object is closer to a light source depending on the shadows/shading around it |
| Figure-Ground Segregation | We assign borders to objects to know where they end |
| Familiar sizing | We use familiar sizes of every day objects to determine how far away they are |
| Motion Parallax | Objects that are closer to us move faster/in opposite directions Objects that are father from us move slower/in same directions |
| Motion Parallax Example: | Looking out the window of a train; the objects we focus on move slower and in a different direction than the faster unattended objects |
| Visual Object Recognition Feature Analysis | 2D Written letters; different handwriting still interpreted as "r" |
| Visual Object Recognition Recognition by Component | 3D More complex analysis of features as they exist in the 3D world; GEONS |
| Geon: | The different parts of an object that are recognized as part of the whole (unit of understanding) E.g. - Cylinder ceramic portion of a mug (1), mug handle (2) |
| Visual Object Recognition Viewer Centered Approach | Understanding that an object remains constant when we view different images of different POV's |
| Facial Recognition Gestalt | Oval w/ two slits is still recognized as a face because we view the whole as greater than the sum of the two lines + oval |
| Facial Recognition Prosopagnosia | Cognitive disorder that causes "face blindness", the inability to recognize faces Demonstrated in the movie lecture where a man was given sight |
| Facial Recognition Face Inversion | Identifying inverted faces is more difficult than identifying inverted objects (apple) |
| Facial Recognition Schizophrenia | Harder for schizophrenics to recognize & produce facial expressions of emotion |
| Speech Perception Word Boundaries | In speech we're able to recognize the beginning and end of new words as they come out even when there's little pause between |
| Phoneme | Most basic unit of speech |
| Speech Perception Phonemic Restoration | ** Our brain's tendency to fill in the blanks for missing words |
| Speech Perception McGurk Effect | Perceptual phenomenon in which the auditory input (1) is combined with a different visual input (2), leading to the perception of third sound (3) |
| Phonemic Restoration: Non-speech audio | Phonemes are better understood than non-speech audio |
| Phonemic Restoration: Inter-Speaker Variability | Different people's voices sound different saying "brother" but it's still interpreted the same |
| Phonemic Restoration: Timing/Precision | Differences in vocal cadence are interpreted as having the same meaning |
| Phonemic Restoration: Coarticulation | When a speaker speaks too quickly and their mouth shape can't catch up with the sound, we still understand what they're saying |
| Speech Perception Special Mechanism | Speech perception explained through a Phonetic Module |
| Phonetic Module: | Special neural mechanism that handles all speech perception (DISPROVEN) |
| Speech Perception General Mechanism | Speech perception explained through several systems interacting, refutes phonetic module |
| Issue with General Mechanism? | Too simple overall, but more accurate than "Special Mechanism" to explain speech perception |
| Purpose of Illusions in CogPsych | Reveals constraints & biases in perception |
| Illusion | The mind understands "GISTS" of things that are often accurate & helpful, NOT in the case of illusions |
| Visual Illusion Muller Lyer | The line portion of a regular & inverted arrow appear to be different, line length is truly the same |
| Muller Lyer Westerner Theory | Westerners are most susceptible to thinking the lines are different lengths because of their household corners whereas people in other countries (Mongolia) are less susceptible due to household corners being round |
| Visual Illusion Shephard Tables | Tables in different orientations are viewed as different sizes when they are in fact the same size |
| Visual Illusion Shephard Barber Pole | Barber pole will move in the direction you want it to (left -> right OR right -> left) |
| Visual Illusion Ames Room | One person appears giant while the other appears teeny; due to the way it's seen and spatial orientation |
| Visual Illusion Color Constancy | It's assumed that colors will remain the same in different lighting |
| Visual Illusion Silhouettes | Silhouettes give edges to things even when they're not necessarily there (Gestalt closure triangle) |
| Visual Illusion Contrast Detection | Tiles appear different colors when they're in a shadow when in fact, they are the same color |
| Visual Illusion Shape Constancy | When a door is open vs closed we assume it's the same size despite appearing different |
| Auditory Illusions Shephard Tones | Audio that appears to continuously go up in pitch when it's truly two audios layered over one another Recall cue: Shepherd's hoard sheep; sheep go "ba", "ba" goes up |
| Auditory Illusions McGurk | See "Ga", Hear "Ba" = Creation of interpreting "Da" as a best guess for the combination of the two different inputs |
| Auditory Illusions Reversible Auditory Message | Brainstorm/Green Needle, Yanny/Laurel |
| Expectancy Effect | Expectations influence the behavior/outcome of a situation |
| Monocular Cues | Occurrences that can be observed using only one eye |
| Binocular Cues | Occurrences observed using two eyes |
| Binocular Convergence: | Rotation of the eyes depends on object distance; large difference in rotation = "close", small difference = "far" |
| How is visual information processed? | Retina --> Primary Visual Cortex (in Occipital Lobe) |
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tylladurdiev
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