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Psychology Unit 3
Ch. 10, 11, 12, & 15
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Motivation | - Our wants & needs that direct behavior towards a goal - Can be Intrinsic & Extrinsic - Intrinsic Motivations: Internal factors; Ex: Personal satisfaction - Extrinsic Motivations: External factors; Ex: Money |
| Theories of Motivation | - Instinct Theory of Motivation - Drive Theory of Motivation - Arousal Theory of Motivation |
| Instinct Theory of Motivation | - Made by William James - Proposed instinct drives behavior - Ex: Babies immediately know how to nurse |
| Drive Theory of Motivation | - Maintenance of homeostasis drives behavior - Unmet psychological needs lead to tension, motivating actions to restore equilibrium - Ex: Hungry; you eat to reduce the hunger & become happy again |
| Arousal Theory of Motivation | - Moderate Arousal → High Performance - Underaroused: Boredom & Seek Stimulation - Overaroused: Seek Destimulation - Yerkes & Dodson: Task difficulty determines Arousal rate - Difficult tasks benefit from low arousal; easy tasks from higher arousal |
| Self-Efficacy | Belief in one's capacity to execute a behavior - Made by Bandura - Theorized that it plays a role in motivating behavior - Internal - Ex: If we believe we can do a task, we are more likely to do it |
| Hierarchy of Needs Pyramid | - Made by Abraham Maslow - Prosed that lower needs must be met before higher ones; includes biological, individual, & social needs - 5 Stages |
| 5 Stages of Hierarchy of Needs Pyramid (Top to Bottom) | - Self Actualization: Inner Fulfillment - Esteem: Self Worth & Accomplishment - Social: Relationships & Feeling Belonged - Security: Safety, Work, Assets - Physiological: Basic Necessities; Food & Shelter |
| Basis of Hunger Physiological Mechanisms | - Before Eating: Empty Stomach & Low blood glucose levels - After Eating: Blood glucose levels rise - Pancreas & Livers send chemical messages to the brain to start & stop eating - Satiation |
| Satiation | - Feeling of being full & satisfied - Stops eating - Leptin is released |
| Factors That Affect Body Weight | - Gene-Environment Interaction - Number of calories consumed vs. burned daily - Metabolic Rate |
| Metabolic Rate | - The amount of energy expended in a given amount of time - Varies between people - High Metabolic Rate burns calories easier than Low Metabolic Rate |
| Set-Point Theory | - Person has a genetically determined ideal body weight - Resistant to change by changing the energy intake/ lowering mentalism rate - Fails to account for social & environment factors |
| Obesity | - BMI is determined by height & weight - 25 - 29.9: Overweight - Over 30: Obese - Over 40: Morbidly Obese - Causes: Can’t afford healthy food, Genetics, Metabolic Rate |
| Bariatric Surgery | - Reduces the size of the stomach by putting a band around it - Helps reduce weight loss |
| Risk Factors For Obesity | - Stroke - Diabetes - Breast Cancer - Infertility - Sleep Apnea |
| Eating Disorders | - High Risk: White girls aged 15-19 from Western societies - Causes: Media, Genetics, Low self-esteem, Stress, Family issues, Personality types (Ex: Perfectionism) - Types of Eating Disorders: Bulimia & Anorexia Nervosa |
| Bulimia Nervosa | - Binge eating & attempts to compensate - Compensation: Vomiting, Laxatives, Excessive exercise - Health Consequences: Kidney & Heart failure - Psychological Problems: Depression, Anxiety, High risk for substance abuse |
| Anorexia Nervosa | - Maintaining being underweight through starvation & exercise - Distorted Body Image: View of being fat despite not - Health Consequences: Bone loss, Kidney & Heart failure, Amenorrhea - Psychological Problems: Anxiety & Mood disorders, Substance abuse |
| Sex | - If Hypothalamus is damaged, impairs ability, but desire remains intact - If Amygdala & Nucleus Accumbens is damaged, impairs desire, but ability remains intact - Limited empirical info on sex before the 1940s b/c of sex being taboo |
| Dr. Alfred Kinsey Sex Research | - Women are as interested & experienced in sex as men - Both genders masturbate, without negative health consequences - Homosexual acts are fairly common - Controversial - Important b/c it shaped future research on human sexual behavior & motivation |
| Masters & Johnson’s Sex Research | - Studied & Observed physiological responses during sex - Measured physiological variables (Blood pressure & respiration rate) & Sexual arousal (Vaginal Lubrication & penile turnescence) - Developed the Sexual Response Cycle |
| Sexual Response Cycle | - Excitement: Arousal Phase; Erection & Lubrication - Plateau: Increased swelling, Blood flow to penis, & Precum - Orgasm: Rhythmic contractions & Cumming - Resolution: Return to Unaroused state |
| Sexual Orientation | - Emotional & erotic attraction toward others - 3% - 10% are gay - Stable characteristic of a person; Not a choice - Thought to be caused by environment factors but actually caused by genetics; Gays have different brain structures than Straights |
| Conversion Therapy | - Made by Robert Spitzer - Proposed that gays can be straight through therapy - He later apologized & admitted that there was no evidence & called for an end for its practice |
| Gender Identity | - One’s sense of being male or female - Millennials (18 to 34 yrs old) tend to more progressive than previous generations - Sociocultural factors can influence gender identity by putting gender stereotypes |
| Gender Dysphoria | - Diagnosis describing people who don’t identity with their biological sex - At least 6 months & cause major distress |
| Moods | - Prolonged & less intense state of being; Long termed - Isn't a response to a experience; doesn’t have a clear start - May not be recognized or intentional |
| Emotions | - State of being that is used to describe how we feel; Short termed - A response to an conscious experience & is intentional - Components of Emotion: Physiological Arousal, Psychological Appraisal, & Subjective Experiences |
| Theories of Emotion | - The James-Lange Theory - The Cannon-Bard Theory - The Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory - The Lazarus’ Cognitive-Mediational Theory |
| The James-Lange Theory | - Emotions arise from physiological arousal - Ex: See snake → Heart rate increased ( Physiological arousal or PA) → Fear |
| The Cannon-Bard Theory | - Physiological arousal & emotional experience occur simultaneously yet are independent - Ex: See snake → Heart rate increased ( Physiological arousal) & Fear |
| The Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory | - 2 Factors of Emotion: Physiological & Cognitive - Ex: See Snake → Cognitive assessment & PA→ Fear - PA is similar across different emotions, making cognitive assessment important - Ex: Heart racing could be from excitement or fear |
| The Lazarus’ Cognitive-Mediational Theory | - Emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus - Appraisal happens before the PA; is immediate & unconscious - Ex: See Snake → Cognitive assessment (If dangerous) → PA (Is dangerous) → Fear |
| How did Barret explain emotions? | - Emotions are constructions that brains create to guide our actions & explain how we're feeling in a situation - As real as anything - Based on past experiences/expectations on what bodily sensations mean |
| The Limbic System | Involved in mediating emotional response & memory - Includes: Hypothalamus, Thalamus, Hippocampus, & Amygdala |
| Hypothalamus | Activates the Sympathetic nervous system; Fight or Flight Response |
| Thalamus | - Sensory relay station; processed then sent to amygdala & higher cortical regions for further processing (Like Telephone) - All senses except smell |
| Amygdala | Helps process emotional info & sends it onto cortical structures - Ex: Bite by a dog, Amygdala helps process that event then sends it |
| Hippocampus | Combines emotional experience with cognition - Ex: Bite by a dog, Amygdala helps process that event & Hippocampus increases fear in dogs |
| Cultural Display Rule | - Norms that govern the types & frequencies of displays of emotion that are acceptable - Expressing negative emotions in society are acceptable in US while Japan it isn’t - Facial expressions of emotions are universal |
| What are some of the gender differences involved in emotionality? | - Women: More expressive & Prioritize harmony - Men: Seek control & Express powerful emotions; Anger & Pride |
| Universal Facial Expressions of Emotions | - 7 Facial Expressions; Happiness, Surprise, Sadness, Fear, Disgust, Contempt, Anger - Contempt was later added |
| Personality | - Long term traits/patterns that propel consistent thoughts, feelings, & behaviors - Personality" originates from the Latin word "Persona" - Contains: Persona & Shadow |
| Persona | - Consciously adopted mask - Derived from conscious experiences & our collective unconscious - Compromise between true self & societal expectations; Hiding parts that don't align with society |
| Shadow | - Part of the unconscious mind - Composed of repressed ideas, desires, & instincts |
| Levels of Consciousness | - Made by Sigmund Freud - Compared the mind to an iceberg - 1/10 of our mind is conscious & the rest of our mind is unconscious |
| Freudian Theory of Personality | - Personality Contains; Id, Ego, & Superego - Shaped by childhood experiences & environment - Id: Unconscious/Instinctual drives present from birth - Ego: Rational/Conscious Self, Seeks balance between Id & Superego - Superego: Morals & Social Norms |
| Sigmund Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development Theory | - Personality development in childhood - 5 stages: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, & Genital - Each stage involves sexual energy expressed in different body parts - Erogenous Zone: Part of the body that causes sexual feelings when touched |
| Oral Stage | - Birth to 1 Yr - Erogenous Zone: Mouth; Pleasure from eating & sucking - Major Conflict: Being weaned (taken away) from the bottle or boobs to food |
| Anal Stage | - 1 - 3 Yrs - Erogenous Zone: Anus; Pleasure from bowel & bladder movements - Major Conflict: Toilet Training - 2 Personalities/Adult Fixations: Anal-Retentive Personality & Anal-Expulsive Personality |
| Anal-Retentive Personality & Anal-Expulsive Personality | Anal-Retentive Personality - Stingy, Stubborn, Organized, Perfectionistic Anal-Expulsive Personality - Messy, Careless, Disorganized, Emotional |
| Phallic Stage | - 3 - 6 Yrs - Erogenous Zone: Genitals - Major Conflict: Child feels a desire for the opposite-sex parent & jealousy/hatred toward the same-sex parent - 2 Complexes: Oedipus & Electra Complex |
| Oedipus Complex | - Boys - Desire for mom’s attention & urge to replace dad - Afraid of being punished by dad for these feelings |
| Electra Complex | - Girls - Desire for dad’s attention & urge to replace mom - Penis Envy: Angry at mom for not providing them with a penis - Adult Fixation: Vanity/Over-ambition |
| Latency Stage | - 6 - 12 Yrs - Erogenous Zone: None - Sexual feelings are dormant as children focus on school, friendships, hobbies, & engage with peers of the same sex |
| Genital Stage | - 12+ Yrs - Erogenous Zone: Genitals - Sexual Reawakening: Urges are redirected from parents to more acceptable partners |
| Sigmund Freud’s Defense Mechanisms | 8 Defense Mechanisms - Denial - Displacement - Projection - Rationalization - Reaction Formation - Regression - Repression - Sublimation |
| Denial | - Refusing to accept real events because they’re unpleasant - Ex. Refusing to admit you’re addicted to alcohol even though you can’t live a day without alcohol |
| Displacement | - Transferring inappropriate urges/behaviors onto a more acceptable/less threatening targets - Ex. Angry at boss, go home & take it out your kids |
| Projection | - Attributing unacceptable desires to others - Ex: Cheating on your bf b/c you suspect he’s already doing the same |
| Rationalization | - Justifying behaviors by replacing acceptable reasons for less acceptable reasons - Ex: Failed a test, instead of blaming that you didn’t pay attention, blamed it on the professor not liking you |
| Reaction Formation | - Reducing anxiety by adopting beliefs contrary to your own beliefs - Ex: Mad at someone for not cleaning their crap but just say its fine and act like you’re all good |
| Regression | - Returning to coping strategies for less mature stages of development - Ex: The Cowboys lost; Danny had a temper tantrum |
| Repression | - Suppressing painful memories & thoughts - Ex: Can’t remember Grandpa having a heart attack even though you were there |
| Sublimation | - Redirecting unacceptable desires through socially acceptable channels - Ex: Mom’s son died by a drunk driver so she joined Mothers Against Drunk Drivers to get revenge |
| Neo-Freudian Theories of Personality | - Alfred Adler - Erik Erikson - Carl Jung |
| Inferiority Complex | - Inferiority Complex: A person that feels they lack worth & don’t measure up to the standards of others or of society - Focused on social connections during childhood development & conscious processes - Birth order shapes our personality |
| Adler's 3 Fundamental Social Tasks That We Must Experience | - Occupational Tasks: Careers - Societal Tasks: Friendship - Love Tasks: Finding an intimate partner |
| Psychosocial Theory of Development | - Made by Erik Erikson - Personality depended on the resolution of basic conflicts - 8 Stages: Infancy, Early Childhood, Preschool, School Age, Adolescence, Young Adult, Middle Adulthood, & Maturity |
| Infancy | - 0 - 18 m - Basic Conflict: Trust vs. Mistrust |
| Early Childhood | - 2 - 3yrs - Basic Conflict: Autonomy/Independence vs. Shame & Doubt |
| Preschool | - 3 - 5yrs - Basic Conflict: Initiative vs. Guilt |
| School Age | - 6 - 11yrs - Basic Conflict: Industry vs. Inferiority |
| Adolescence | - 12 - 18yrs - Basic Conflict: Identity vs. Role Confusion |
| Young Adult | - 19 - 40yrs - Basic Conflict: Intimacy vs. Isolation |
| Middle Adulthood | - 40 - 65yrs - Basic Conflict: Generativity vs. Stagnation |
| Maturity | - 65+ - Basic Conflict: Ego Identity vs. Despair |
| Analytical Psychology | - Made by Carl Jung - Balance on conscious & unconscious thoughts - Personal & Collective Unconscious |
| Collective Unconscious | - A collection of knowledge & imagery that every person is born with - Shared by all human beings due to ancestral experience |
| Archetypes | - Signs, symbols, or patterns of thinking/behaving - Components of the Collective Unconscious - Serve to organize, direct, & inform human thought/behavior |
| 12 Jungian Archetypes | - The Innocent - The Orphan - The Hero - The Caregiver - The Explorer - The Rebel - The Lover - The Creator - The Jester - The Sage - The Magician - The Ruler |
| The Innocent | - Motto: Free to be you & me - Desire: Get to paradise - Goal: Happy - Flaw: Too trusting |
| The Orphan | - Motto: All are equal - Desire: Be connected - Goal: Belong - Flaw: Cynical |
| The Hero | - Motto: Everything is possible - Desire: Courageous acts - Goal: Improve the world - Flaw: Arrogance |
| The Caregiver | - Motto: Love Thy neighbor - Desire: Protect & care - Goal: Help others - Flaw: Being exploited |
| The Explorer | - Motto: Don’t fence me in - Desire: Exploring the world - Goal: A better life - Flaw: Becoming a misfit |
| The Rebel | - Motto: Break the rules - Desire: Revolution - Goal: Overrun - Flaw: The dark side, Crime |
| The Lover | - Motto: You’re the only one - Desire: Intimacy - Goal: Being in a relationship - Flaw: Desire to please all |
| The Creator | - Motto: To imagine - Desire: To create - Goal: To realize a vision - Flaw: Perfectionism |
| The Jester | - Motto: You live only once - Desire: To live in the moment - Goal: To have a great time - Flaw: Frivolity, wasting time |
| The Sage | - Motto: Truth will set you free - Desire: To find the truth - Goal: Use intelligence - Flaw: Afraid of action |
| The Magician | - Motto: I make things happen - Desire: To understand - Goal: Realize dreams - Flaw: Becoming manipulative |
| The Ruler | - Motto: Power - Desire: Control - Goal: Create a community - Flaw: Being authoritarian |
| Jung’s Description of Introverts | - Energized by being alone - Avoids attention - Speaks slowly & softly - Thinks before speaking - Stays on 1 topic - Prefers written communication - Pays attention easily - Cautious |
| Jung’s Description of Extroverts | - Energized by being with others - Seeks attention - Speaks quickly & loudly - Thinks out loud - Jumps from topic to topic - Prefers verbal communication - Distractible - Acts first, thinks later |
| Behavioral Theories of Personality | BF Skinner, Albert Bandura, & Julian Rotter |
| BF Skinner | - Believed personality was shaped by reinforcements & consequences in the environment - Develops over our entire life - Can vary as we experience new situations |
| Albert Bandura | - Focused on learning & cognition - Made The Social Cognitive Perspective & Observational Learning |
| Observational/Vicarious Learning | - The process of learning by watching the behaviors of others - Plays a part in personality development by learning what behaviors are acceptable & rewarded in society |
| In which ways Albert Bandura agrees & disagrees with Skinner about personality development? | - Agreed that personality develops throughout life but Bandura disagrees that environment factors alone determines behavior - Made the Reciprocal Determinism to determine behavior |
| Reciprocal Determinism | - Behavior, Cognitive Processes, & Situational Context all influence each other Triangle: - Behavior on top - Cognitive Processes on left - Situational Context on right |
| Julian Rotter's Locus of Control | Belief about the power we have over our lives - Internal: Believes that they can influence what happens to them - External: Believes that their life is controlled by outside forces (Luck, fate, etc.) - Can be Internal or External |
| Difference between Freud, Neo-Freudians, & Behaviorists Theories on Personality | - Freud: Sexual motives for behavior - Neo-Freudians: Social motives & conscious processes for behavior - Behaviorists: Reinforcements & consequences for behavior - Neo-Freudians & Behaviorists: Disagreed that personality is fixed in childhood |
| Walter Mishcel's Marshmallow Study | - Children left alone with a marshmallow, promised second if they didn't eat first - Found that children who were able to wait & receive the reward became adults who experienced greater overall success |
| Humanistic Theories of Personality | - Abraham Maslow - Carl Rogers |
| Abraham Maslow | - Behavior is driven & guided by a set of basic needs - Self Actualization: A person’s potential is fully realized after needs are met |
| Carl Rogers | - Self Concept, Ideal & Real Self - Congruence: For a person to achieve self-actualization, they must be in a state of congruence with their Ideal and Real self |
| Humanism Vs. Psychoanalysis | - Psychoanalysis: Viewed humans as a bundle of animalistic drives & unconscious motivations - Humanism: Viewed humans as good & striving toward self-actualization |
| Evolutionary Psychology | - Study of behavior, thought, & feeling viewed through evolutionary - Psychological Adaptations: Adaptions of the mind that have evolved to solve specific problems of survival or reproduction - Ex: Temp. Regulation |
| Biological Approaches of Personality | Gordon Allport, Hans & Sybil Eyesenck, Raymond Cattell, & 5 Factor Model of Personality - Twin Studies found that some traits are heritable - Temperament |
| Temperament | - Mordern Psychologists believe Temp. is biological due to appearing early in life - Baby Temperaments: Easy, Difficult, Slow to warm up - 2 Dimensions of Temperament that are important parts of adult personality: Reactivity & Self Regulation |
| Reactivity & Self Regulation | - Reactivity: How we respond to new/challenging environments - Self-Regulation: Ability to control responses |
| Gordon Allport Trait Theorist | - Cardinal Traits: Dominates entire personality; rare - Central Traits: Make up our personality - Secondary Traits: Less obvious/consistent; Present under certain circumstances ( Preferences & attitudes) |
| Raymond Cattell | Identified 16 Factors of Personality |
| Hans & Sybil Eysenck | - 2 Personality Dimensions: Extroversion/Introversion & Emotional Stability/Instability |
| 5 Factor Model of Personality (OCEAN) | - Openness; Feelings/Actions - Conscientiousness; Self-discipline/Thoughtfulness - Extroversion; Assertiveness/Emotional Expression - Agreeableness; Cooperative/Trustworthy - Neuroticism; Tendency toward unstable emotions |
| Cultural Understanding of Personality | - Culture: The norms of a society - Transmitted to people by engaging & immersing themselves in the culture & people - Shapes personality by instilling shared values; influences the manner we learn, live & behave |
| Individualistic Cultures | - Focused on independence, competition, & achievement. - Ex: USA |
| Collectivistic Cultures | - Focused on social harmony, respectfulness, & group needs over individual needs - Ex: Asia, Africa, & South America |
| 3 Regional Personality Clusters In USA | - Cluster 1: Friendly, Conventional (North & Southeast - Cluster 2: Relaxed, Creative (Mostly West) - Cluster 3: Temperamental, Uninhibited (Texas & Northeast) |
| Personality Assessments | - Assessed by interviews, in-basket exercises, observer ratings, or self-report inventories - Self-Report Inventories: Personality tests & self-administered - Advantages: High reliability, validity, & cost-effective - Ex: MMPI & Projective Tests |
| Minnesota Multiphasic Inventory (MMPI) | - One of the most widely used personality inventories - Originally developed to assist in diagnosing psychological disorders - Newest version (MMPI-2-RF) has 338 questions - Scored on 10 scales |
| Projective Tests | - A personality test in which subjects are shown images & asked to interpret them - Reveals unconscious feelings, struggles, goals, & fears |
| Different Types of Projective Tests | - Rorschach Inkblot Test; Interprets inkblot cards - Thematic Apperception Test (TAT); Tells a story of 8-12 cards - Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank (RISB); Finish incomplete sentences |
| Social Psychology | - The study of your mind & behavior with others - Intrapersonal Influences: Pertain to the person; emotions & attitudes - Interpersonal Influences: Ways we think about ourselves & others; social association & connection |
| Situational & Dispositional Influences on Behavior | - Situationism: Our behavior & actions are determined by environments - Dispositionism: Our behavior & actions are determined by internal factors; Personality traits or temperament |
| Fundamental Attribution Error | - Tendency to overuse internal factors as explanations for the behavior of others & underestimate situational factors - Individualistic cultures are likely to do this bias - Ex: Coworker was late = Unreliable instead of they got stuck in traffic |
| Actor Observer Bias | - Other people’s behaviors are due to internal factors & our own behaviors are due to situational forces - Ex: Tom got bad grades since he’s lazy while I got bad grades b/c teacher doesn’t like me |
| Self-Serving Bias | - Explaining our behavior depends on whether the outcome was good or bad - Ex: Athlete won; skills | Athlete lost; other team cheated |
| Just World Hypothesis | - Belief that the world is fair & people get what they deserve in life - Victim Blaming: Experienced bad fortune; others say they’re responsible for their own fate |
| The 3 Socials | - Social Roles: Expected behavior patterns in a given role (Mom) - Social Norms: Group’s expectation of appropriate behavior (Opening a door for someone) - Social Scripts: Knowledge about the events expected in settings; Vary between cultures |
| The Stanford Prison Experiment | - By Zimbardo - College students became prisoners or guards in the study |
| The Stanford Prison Experiment Found What? | - Social Roles: Guards gave orders; prisoners followed them - Social Norms: Guards are authoritative & prisoners are submissive; norms reinforced - Social Scripts: Derived & Unclear → Guards abused their power & prisoners acted bad |
| Cognitive Dissonance Theory | - Made by Leon Festinger - Discomfort from behavior not aligning with values/Holding contradictory beliefs simultaneously - Ex: Smoking is bad but you continue to do it; Causes guilt |
| Solomon Asch Conformity Line Experiment | - A study to see if someone would conform to the group belief even it’s wrong - Conformity: Someone matching the beliefs of a group based on norms - In group settings, people are likely to conform - Less likely conformity when answers are private |
| Stanly Milgram’s Electroshock Study | - Studied how far people would obey when it involved harming another - Found people often obey commands from authority figures b/c they viewed themselves as tools rather than having free will |
| Groupthink | - The desire for group consensus overrides people's common sense - Discourages creativity or individual responsibility - Ex: Challenger engineers knew about some faulty parts on the space shuttle but didn’t spoke up |
| Prejudice & Discrimination | - Prejudice: Negative attitude toward a person based on their social group - Discrimination: Negative action toward a person due to their group - Asian Hate Crimes: Largest increase in hate crimes b/c of Covid |
| Theories of Prejudice | - Social Learning/Observation Theory; Made by Albert Bandura - Conformity to Social Norms Theory; Made by Perkins & Kerkowitz - Social Dominance Orientation Theory |
| Social Dominance Orientation Theory | - A personality trait measuring support for social group hierarchy & the extent to which they desire their in-group be superior to out-groups - Made by Sidanius & Pratto |
| According to the American Psychological Association (APA), the main characteristics of having a psychological disorder are… | - Significant disturbances in thoughts & behaviors - Outside of cultural norms b/c norms vary - Reflect biological, psychological, or developmental dysfunction - Result in distress or disability in one’s life |
| Diagnosis | - Identifying illness nature and symptoms - Vital b/c it advises health risks & connect with people going through similar issues - Diagnostic Criteria: Specific symptoms needed for diagnosis - Prevalence: Percent of population estimated to be affected |
| Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) | - Used to help diagnose psychological disorders & research - Used mostly by US for clinical diagnoses b/c easy to understand & reliable diagnoses |
| Comorbidity | - The simultaneous presence of two or more diseases/medical conditions in a person - Ex: A person can have OCD & a major depressive disorder |
| Internal Classification of Diseases (ICD) | - Provides knowledge on the causes & consequences of diseases & death worldwide - Used for clinical diagnosis worldwide |
| Psychological Disorder (PD) Info in US | - Largest Category of Psychological Disorders in US: Major Depressive Disorder - Men outnumber Women: Alcohol & Drug Abuse |
| Supernatural Perspectives On Psychological Disorders | - Psychological disorders stem from a force beyond scientific understanding - Sorcery & Witchcraft - Treatments: Torture, Beatings, & Exorcism |
| Biological Perspective on Psychological Disorders | - Linked to biological phenomenon; Genetics, chemical imbalances, & brain abnormalities - Most scientists believe mental illnesses result from problems with the Neurotransmission - Neurotransmission: Communication between neurons in the brain |
| Psychodynamic Perspective on Psychological Disorders | PD caused by unresolved conflicts from early childhood |
| Behavioral/Learning Perspective on Psychological Disorders | - Focuses on how external factors shape mental states & development, training future behaviors - Supporters may view free will as a illusion b/c all behaviors are learned & based on past experiences, suggesting nothing is by chose |
| Cognitive Perspective on Psychological Disorders | - People engage in abnormal behavior b/c of particular thoughts & behaviors that are based on their false assumptions - Ex: Scared of fur b/c of view they are harmful |
| Diathesis-Stress Model | - Biological & psychosocial factors to predict the likelihood of a disorder - Diathesis: Psychological and/or biological vulnerabilities - Diathesis & Stress → Development of a Disorder |
| Anxiety Disorders | - Effects 25% to 30% of Americans; Mostly women - Most frequent mental disorder |
| Phobia | - Effects 12.5% of Americans at some point - Ex: Acrophobia (Heights), Aerophobia (Flying), Arachnophobia (Spiders), Claustrophobia (Enclosed spaces) |
| Social Anxiety Disorder | - Linked to lower education, earning, poor work performance, & unemployment - Effects 12% of Americans during their lifetime - Develops through conditioning; 92% of SAD adults experienced severe teasing in childhood - Comorbidity: Alcohol |
| Safety Behaviors | Acts to reduce anxiety in social situations by reducing the chance of negative social outcomes; Avoiding eye contact |
| Behavioral Inhibition | Tendency to show fear & restraint when presented with unfamiliar people or situations |
| Panic Disorder | - Recurrent panic attacks; At least 1 month - Effects: Shortness of breath, Chest pain, Accelerated heart rate - Comorbidity: Anxiety disorders & Major depressive disorder |
| Mood Disorders | Characterized by disruptions in mood & emotions that cause a distorted look on life & impair ability to function - Ex: Bipolar Disorder |
| 2 General Categories of Mood Disorders The DSM-5 Listed | - Depressive Disorders; Main Feature: Depression Bipolar & Related Disorders - Mania: Extreme happiness & agitation; Main feature - Manic Episode: High energy, excitement, and euphoria; at least a week |
| Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) | - Depressed nearly every day - Loss of interest & pleasure in hobbies - Irregular Episodes - Affects 6.6% of the US population each year & 16.9% in their lifetime - Comorbidity: Anxiety disorders & Substance abuse disorders |
| Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder | - Weight, Appetite, Sleep changes - Psychomotor agitation/retardation - Feelings of worthlessness or guilt - Difficulty concentrating, Indecisiveness - Suicidal Thoughts |
| How to Receive a Diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder | - At least 5 symptoms for at least 2 week period - Symptoms cause significant distress/impair normal functioning - Not caused by substances or a medical condition |
| Major Depressive Disorder Risk Factors | - Unemployment - Low income - Living in urban areas - Being separated, divorced, or widowed |
| Subtypes of Depression | - Seasonal Pattern: Experiences symptoms of MDD only during a time of year; Ex: Winter - Peripartum Onset/Depression: MDD during pregnancy or in the 4 weeks post-birth - Persistent Depressive Disorder/Dysthymia |
| Persistent Depressive Disorder/Dysthymia | - Depressed nearly ever day for at least 2 years & 2 symptoms of MDD - Don’t meet all the criteria for MDD |
| Bipolar Disorder | - Mood fluctuates between depression & mania - Mania Symptoms: Talkative, irritable, distracted, reckless, grandiosity - Affects 1 out of 100 people in the U.S. in their lifetime - 36% attempt suicide |
| Grandiosity | Inflated but unjustified self-esteem |
| Suicide | - 90% of suicides involve at least 1 mental disorder; Mostly mood disorders - 10th leading cause of death for all ages in 2010; Average of 105 each day - 4x higher among men; 79% of all suicides - Men: Use fire arms - Women: Use poison |
| Risk Factors for Suicide | - Substance abuse Issues, Previous suicide attempts, Sense of Entrapment, Cyberbullying, Serotonin Dysfunction & Suicide of a family member - Access to lethal means |
| Suicide Precursors | - Withdrawal from relationships - Feeling like a burden - Engaging in reckless behaviors |
| Schizophrenia | - Hallucinations; Mostly Auditory - Disorganized Thinking - Unusual motor behavior/movements - Catatonic Behaviors: Decreased reaction to the environment - Delusions |
| Different Types of Delusions | - Paranoid Delusions: Belief that others are plotting to harm them - Grandiose Delusions: Belief that they hold special power, unique knowledge, or is important - Somatic Delusions: Belief that something highly abnormal is happening to their body |
| Schizophrenia | - Avolition: Lack of motivation to engage in meaningful activity - Alogia: Reduced speech output - Asociality: Social withdrawal - Anhedonia: Inability to experience pleasure |
| Dissociative Disorders | - Characterized by a person becoming dissociated from their core sense of self & memory/identity becoming disturbed - Dissociative Amnesia & Fugue - Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder |
| Dissociative Amnesia & Fugue | - Dissociative Amnesia: Inability to recall important personal information; Stems from a stressful experience - Dissociative Fugue: Person suddenly wanders away from home, experiences confusion about their identity, & may adopt a new identity |
| Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder | Recurring episodes of depersonalization & derealization - Depersonalization: Feelings of unreality/detachment from one’s self or aspects of self - Derealization: Sense of unreality/detachment from the world, individuals, objects, or surroundings |
| Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) | - Exhibits 2 or more personalities/identities - Involves memory gaps for the time during which another identity is in charge - Tend to have a history of childhood trauma - Adoption of multiple personalities serves as a coping mechanism for danger |
| Personality Disorders | A personality that differs from the culture & causes distress - Begins in adolescence or early adulthood - Effects 9% of US - Common: Avoidant & schizoid personality disorders - Most Problematic: Antisocial & Borderline personality disorders |
| Borderline Personality Disorder | Characterized by instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, & mood - Effects 1.4% of US - Symptoms: Hates being alone, Unstable Relationships, May shift interests/career plans, May be impulsive & angry |
| Antisocial Personality Disorder | - Lack of regard for other people’s feelings - Lying to others, Overinflated sense of self, Superficial charm - May be impulsive, angry, bitter, & reckless - Diagnosis requires at least 18 years old - Effects 3.6% of US; Mostly Men |
| ADHD | - Constant pattern of inattention and/or hyperactive that impairs life - Effects 5% of children; 3x in Boys - Symptoms: Difficulty to pay attention & wait, Unorganized, Hyperactive, etc. |
| ADHD Life Problems | - Low education, status, wealth - Unemployment - Substance Abuse & Relationship Problems |
| Autism Spectrum Disorder | - Weird Social Interaction & Communication; Prefer playing alone & No eye contact - Repetitive Patterns of Behavior/Interests - Effects 1 in 88 Kids in US; 5x in Boys - Connect the Concepts Topic: Autistic people can't understand social cues that well |
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Whateverisfree
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