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Parenting Science
Final
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| SES | Social economic Status Families of a lower SES are more likely to use coercive discipline aka physical. |
| Ecological Systems Theory | Darwin Macrosystem Exosystem Mesosystem Microsystem External effects internal and vise versa |
| Social Address Approach | Compares parents from different social addresses, cultures. By Bronfenbrenner. |
| Ecological Momentary Assessment approach | Micro level approach to parenting interactions in natural settings. |
| Family Systems Theory | Family is a unit, one effects the other Developed by Bowen Change leads who family to adapt |
| Social Learning Theory | Learn through observation Albert Bandura - bobo doll study parents are models for children |
| Attachment Theory | Bowbly and Ainsworth Anxious - avoidant anxious- resistent disorganized secure Early experiences with parents are critical to childs-well being |
| Behavioral Theory | Parents may unintentionally reinforce behavior John Watson Skinner |
| Free range parents | Loebech and Gilliland |
| What influences parenting? Study | Belsky (1984) highlighted: Parental psychological resources Child characteristics Contextual sources of stress and support Revisited in 2018 by Taraban & Shaw |
| Laureau study - SES | Interviews and observed families with 8-10 yos. Compared middle and lower class families - difference between beliefs and behaviors. |
| Rhoad-Drogalis et al. (2020) | studied low-income mother-infant dyads Measured neighborhood quality, perceptions of social support, and parenting (involvement & responsibility) As quality of neighborhood increased, so did mother’s involvement with infants |
| Whiteman et al. (2003) | studied parents and both their firstborn and second-born adolescents parents would learn from experience and have less conflict with and more knowledge about second-borns compared to first-borns |
| Parent a young age vs. older age -Lewin et al (2013) | Compared adolescent moms to emerging adult moms, to adult moms to see how they parented their 2-year-old -Found youngest moms were least responsive to their children; middle group was in between youngest and oldest (who were most responsive) |
| Parents affected by children with difficult temperaments | May make it harder to parent in optimal ways Laukkanen et al. (2014) studied parents of first graders Found: Low positivity = Low warmth (P) Negative emotions (C) = More control (P) Some effects mediated by maternal well-being |
| Armor et al (2016) | found that toddlers who showed negative emotionality at 17 months had parents more likely to use coercion (type of control) at 29 months Lee et al (2012) showed that this is a bidirectional process |
| Studying Chinese families | -Found that negative temperament (at Time 1) predicted more authoritarian parenting at Time 2 -Found authoritarian parenting (at Time 1) predicted more negative temperament at Time 2 |
| Determinate of parenting - children with disabilities | May be linked to higher stress, among other things Evidence supports this for families who have children with autism (e.g., Hayes & Watson, 2013) Behavioral and sensory issues in particular were related to higher parenting stress (Enea & Ruso, 2020) |
| Children with disabilities | More likely to be over parented. |
| Additive | multiple negative factors can lead to cumulative risk |
| Compensation | Positive factor might be able to help offset negative factor (e.g., support can help to offset stress) |
| Evidence that fetuses can learn | show preferences for certain sounds right after birth that they were exposed to in utero (e.g., mother’s voice, native language, certain stories, etc.) |
| Carrot Study | Fetuses whose moms were randomly assigned to drink carrot juice during pregnancy showed more positive reactions to cereal that had carrot juice in it when 5-6 mos old (Menella et al, 2001) |
| Utsun Pill Study | Had pregnant moms ingest a capsule which tasted of carrot or kale at 32 weeks Then recorded facial gestures of fetus Fetuses reacted differently to the 2 flavors; showed “laugh face” with carrot and “cry-face” with kale |
| Breastfeeding | Many argue breast is best, book talks about advantages. |
| Raissian & Su (2018) | Looked at mom’s intent to BF before birth & babies’ health outcomes Found that intent linked to beneficial outcomes (even if mom didn’t end up BF) |
| Overeating in infancy | not all cries are hungry cries Savage et al 2-16 study One group was taught strategies like recognizing hunger cues Intervention gained weight less rapidly in first 6 weeks and less likely to be overweight at 1 yr |
| Brain Developement | Neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, pruning, and mylenation. Also plasticity |
| Brain and SES | Study gave families different amounts of money throughout first few years of babies life. Measured to see how it effected the babies cognitive development. |
| Healthy Brain | Stimulating by talking directly to the baby, different group words that are advanced. |
| Baby Einstein Study - DeLoache et al (2010) wanted to test if babies were learning from baby media like Baby Einstein videos | Randomly assigned 12-18 mos: Video with interaction (5x/wk for 4 wks) Video without interaction (same exposure) Parent teaching (no video, told to teach words) Control group |
| Baby Einstein pt2 | Tested on target words from video Only parent teaching group showed above chance learning; better than all 3 of other groups Suggested these videos may not help with learning words |
| Screen time | May have negative effects, Law et al (2013) infant screen time to later cognitive functions. More screen time was related to more cognitive issues by age 9. Causation does not equal correlation. |
| Parenting PS: Gender | Staring at this age to grow gender identity. gender stereotypes. |
| Gendered Parenting | “messages children receive from their parents related to how boys and girls should and should not behave” (Mesman & Groeneveld, 2018) |
| Culp et al 1983 study | 6-mo-old actor dressed in blue and pink. "Beth" got more verbal interaction. "Adam" got more direct age. Types of toys were different as well. |
| Endendijk et al. (2014) Study | Story book study where parents gendered the non-gendered kids in the books based on the activity thet were partaking in. Boy for water gun play. |
| Transgendered Children - Fast & Olson (2018) studied 3-5 yo. transgendered children | “When you were a little baby, were you a little boy or little girl? Asked about peer, toy, clothing preferences Same preferences as controls matched for expressed gender (e.g., same toys, clothes, etc.) |
| how do parents respond to nonconformity and/or gender diverse or transgender children? | Begun to look at their experiences – reaction to noticing differences in children, knowledge/resource seeking, challenges and benefits Parental acceptance can be an important factor for outcomes |
| Prosocial Behavior | One goal of many parents – to teach their children to behave in ways that benefit others (e.g., sharing, helping, etc.) |
| Williams & Berthelsen (2017) – looked at parenting behaviors (warmth vs hostility), child’s self-regulation at age 2-3 and then child’s prosocial behaviors at age 6-7 in Australian children | Found that parental hostility related to less self-regulation Parental warmth related to better self-regulation Better self-regulation related to more prosocial behavior Similar to earlier discussed links between MRO and conscience! |
| Obesity in PS kids | SES Culture rising Excercise Genetics Some cultures actually encourage their girls to be obese to signify wealth = Mauritania |
| Parents role in obesity | One study (Pace et al., 2019) found obese children were more likely to have authoritarian and permissive moms Parents also influence over their diet and also their physical activity |
| HENRY | Healthy Exercise Nutrition for the Really Young |
| Parenting in Middle School - bullying | Both physical, verbal, social, and now “cyber” bullying |
| Lereya, Samara, & Wolke (2013) | - Reviewed literature on parenting and peer victimization - Victims and bully/victims more likely to be exposed to negative parenting (e.g., abuse, neglect) - Positive parenting (e.g., warm, supportive) was protective factor against bullying |
| Kotchick et al (2020) | Measured peer victimization (relational and physical), perceived parental support, & depression Those with more victimization were more depressed Those with supportive parents (broadly) were less depressed and less likely to be victimized |
| Sports | Benefits? - Physical activity (remember obesity discussion…), teamwork, social skills, etc. |
| Gender Disparities | Gender disparities in some sports – e.g., chess 2020: only 14% of US Chess Federation players were female |
| Arnold et al (2023) explored gender bias in this field | Found: parents and mentors devalue females (vs men) in some areas Highest potential for females was lower overall (especially among those who thought brilliance was needed) |
| Lois Stolz | Parent behavior can be influenced by many variables and pressures, only some of which win out and determine child-rearing behavior. |
| Harmon and Brin | Four basic categories of parenting |
| Belsky | Expanded on Harmon and Brin's work, 3 central categories of influence. |
| Believed that personality... | Played the most important role in parenting behavior |
| Tarban and Shaw | Updated model of the determinate of parenting |
| Contextual Determinates | Features of the environment that influence child rearing |
| WEIRD | Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic |
| Values | refer to an individual’s principles or what someone judges to be important in life |
| Individualism Vs. Collectivism | Individualism emphasizes the individual’s goals, with free choice held as the preeminent value. Collectivism - personal goals are subordinate to the goals of the larger group. |
| PARENT | play, authenticity, reframing, empathy, no ultimatums, and togetherness |
| homophily | find friends who share similar attitudes and interests. |
| (1) adolescent nonspecific | , referring to brain development that begins in early childhood and continues relatively evenly through young adulthood; |
| (2) adolescent emergent, | meaning brain development that happens at adolescence and levels off; |
| (3) adolescent specific | where brain development peaks at adolescence and then drops off (Casey, 2013) |
| parenting interventions | 1. HENRY 2. Mandated Divorce Therapy |
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