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AP Psych: Mod 74-80
Meyers Unit 14
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| social psychology | the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. |
| attribution theory | the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition. |
| fundamental attribution error | the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition. |
| attitude | feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events. |
| central route persuasion | attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts. |
| peripheral route persuasion | attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness. |
| foot-in-the-door phenomenon | the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request. |
| role | a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave. (Sandford Prison Experiment) |
| cognitive dissonance theory | the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. (when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes.) |
| chameleon effect | nonconscious mimicry of the postures, mannerisms, facial expressions, and other behaviors of one's interaction patterns. |
| mood linkage | sharing of both negative and positive moods. |
| conformity | adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. |
| normative social influence | influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval. |
| informational social influence | influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality. |
| Milgram Experiment | students + teacher roles, shock for incorrect answers (includes the white coat effect). |
| obedience typically overrules... | morals and kindness. |
| social facilitation | stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others. |
| social loafing | the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.. |
| deindividuation | the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. |
| group polarization | the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group. |
| groupthink | the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. |
| social control | the power of the situation. |
| personal control | the power of the induvial. |
| minority influence | the power of one to two induvial to sway the majority. |
| culture | the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next. |
| preservation of innovation | culture's accumulated knowledge. |
| division of labor | specialization of cooperative labor in specific tasks and roles, intended to increase productivity of labor. |
| norms | an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe "proper" behavior. |
| culture shock | shock that comes with adaptation to new cultures. |
| Kitty Genovese | woman who was brutally raped and stabbed publicly in New York and no one helped her. |
| diffusion of responsability | the phenomenon when there are multiple people present, each induvial feels less of a responsibility for the situation. |
| prejudice | an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action. |
| stereotype | a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. |
| ethnocenticism | assuming the superiority of one's ethic group. |
| overt prejudice wanes, but... | subtle prejudice remains. |
| just-world-phenomenon | the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. |
| blame the victim dynamic | we tend to blame the victim of misfortune for causing their own misfortunes or for not taking steps to prevent or avoid. |
| social identities | "us" v. "them" |
| ingroup | "us"—people with whom we share a common identity. |
| outgroup | "them"—those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup. |
| ingroup bias | the tendency to favor our own group. |
| scapegoat theory | the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame. |
| other-race effect | the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias. |
| aggression | physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone. |
| frustration-aggression principle | the principle that frustration—the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal—creates anger, which can generate aggression. |
| rape myth | idea that some women or enjoy rape. |
| aggression is a... | biopsychosocial phenomenon. |
| the big three of affection... | proximity, attractiveness, and similarity. |
| mere exposure effect | the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them. |
| reward theory of attraction | we like those whose behavior is rewarding to us. |
| passionate love | an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship. |
| emotions have two ingredients... | physical arousal and cognitive appraisal. |
| companionate love | the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined. |
| equity | a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it. |
| self disclosure | revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others. |
| positive support | meaningful interactions that result in positive emotions such as happiness, enjoyment, peace and a sense of wellbeing. |
| altruism | unselfish regard for the welfare of others. |
| we will only help if... | 1) notice the incident, 2) interpret it as an emergency, 3) assume responsibility |
| bystander effect | the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present. |
| social exchange theory | the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs. |
| reciprocity norm | an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them. |
| social-responsibility norm | an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them. |
| conflict | a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas. |
| social traps | a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior. |
| mirror-image perceptions | mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive. |
| self fulfilling prophecy | a belief that leads to its own fulfillment. |
| superordinate goals | shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation. |
| GRIT-Graduated Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction | a strategy designed to decrease international tensions. |
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