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Unit 8
Clinical Psychology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| psychological disorder | a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior |
| medical model | the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases cured, often through treatment in a hospital |
| epigenetics | the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without DNA change |
| DSM-5 | the American psychiatric association's diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition, a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders |
| attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder ADHD | a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity |
| anxiety disorders | psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety |
| social anxiety | intense fear and avoidance of social situations (formerly called social phobia) |
| generalized anxiety disorder | an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal |
| panic disorder | an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person may experience terror and accompanying chest pains, choking, or other symptoms followed by working over a possible next attack |
| agoraphobia | fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control or panic |
| phobia | an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific abject, activity, or situation |
| obsessive- compulsive disorder | disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) , and actions (compulsions) or both |
| posttraumatic stress disorder PTSD | a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hyper-vigilance, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience |
| major depressive disorder | a disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must either be 1. depresses mood 2. lost of interest or pleasure |
| bipolar | a disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania (formerly called manic depressive disorder) |
| mania | a hyperactivity, widely optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgments is common |
| rumination | compulsive fretting, overthinking our problems and their causes |
| schizophrenia | a disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression |
| hallucination | false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus |
| delusion | a false belief, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders |
| chronic schizophrenia | process schizophrenia. a form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood. also as people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recover periods shorten |
| acute schizophrenia | reactive schizophrenia. a form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age frequently occurs in response to a traumatic event |
| somatic symptom disorder | a psychological disorder in with the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause (formerly called somatoform disorder) |
| conversion disorder | a disorder related to somatic symptom disorder in which a person experiences very specific, physical symptoms that are not compatible with recognized medical or neurological conditions (functional neurological symptom disorder) |
| illness anxiety disorder | a disorder related to somatic symptom disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease (hypochondriasis) |
| dissociative disorders | controversial, rare disorder in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories thoughts and feelings |
| dissociative identity disorder DID | a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities Alters |
| personality disorders | inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning |
| antisocial personality disorder | a personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even towards friends and family members, may be aggressive an ruthless or a clever con artist |
| anorexia nervosa | an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight, sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise |
| bulimia nervosa | an eating disorder in which a person's binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) is followed by inappropriate weight loss promoting behavior, such as vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise |
| binge-eating disorder | significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress disgust or guilt but without the compensatory behavior that marks bulimia nervosa |
| psychotherapy | treatment involving psychological techniques consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth |
| biomedical therapy | prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person's physiology |
| eclectic approach | an approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy |
| psychoanalysis | Freud's therapeutic techniques, believed the patient's free association, resistance, dreams, and transference, and the therapists interpretations of them releasing previously repressed feeling allowing the patient to gain self insight |
| resistance | in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material |
| interpretation | in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight |
| transference | in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent) |
| psychodynamic therapy | therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic traditions, views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and seeks to enhance self-insight |
| insight therapies | therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses |
| client-centered therapy | a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within an accepting genuine empathic environment (person centered therapy) |
| active listening | empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. a feature of Rogers client-centered therapy |
| unconditional positive regard | a caring accepting non-judgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance |
| behavior therapy | therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors |
| counterconditioning | behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors include exposure therapies and aversive conditioning |
| exposure therapies | behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxiety by exposing people (in imaginary or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid |
| systematic desensitization | a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradual increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli commonly used to treat phobias |
| virtual reality exposure therapy | a counterconditioning technique that treats anxiety through creative electronic simulations in which people can safely face their greatest fears. such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking |
| aversive conditioning | a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol) |
| token economy | an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange tokens for privileges or treats |
| cognitive therapy | therapy that teaches people new more adaptive ways of thinking based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions |
| rational- emotive behavior therapy REBT | a confrontational cognitive therapy developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical self-defeating attitudes and assumptions |
| cognitive- behavioral therapy CBT | a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior) |
| group therapy | therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, providing benefits from group interaction |
| family therapy | therapy that treats people in the context of their families system. views an individuals unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members |
| meta-analysis | a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies |
| evidence- based practice | clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise ad patient characteristics and preferences |
| therapeutic alliance | a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the clients problem |
| psychopharmacology | the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior |
| anti-psychotic drugs | drugs used to trust schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder |
| anti-anxiety drugs | drugs used to control anxiety and agitation |
| anti-depressant drugs | drugs used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, obsessive - compulsive disorders and PTSD (common antidepressants are SSRI's) |
| electroconvulsive therapy ECT | a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient |
| repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) | the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain, used to stimulate or suppress brain activity |
| psychosurgery | surgery that removes or destroys brain tissues in an effect to change behavior |
| lobotomy | a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients the procedure out the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion- controlling centers of the inner brain |
| resilience | the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma |
| posttraumatic growth | positive psychological changes as a result of struggling circumstance and life crises |
| Sigmund Freud | |
| Carl Rogers | |
| Mary Cover Jones | |
| Joseph Wolpe | |
| B.F. Skinner | |
| Albert Ellis | |
| Aaron Beck | |
| psychotic disorders | a group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality |
| Tardive dyskinesia | involuntary movement of facial muscles as a result of long term use of medications |
| Cognitive & cognitive-behavioral therapies | best therapy for anxiety, PTSD, insomnia & depression |
| Behavioral conditioning therapies | best therapy for bed-wetting, phobia, compulsion, marital problems, sexual disorder |
| Psychodynamic therapy | best therapy for depression and anxiety |
| client centered therapy | best therapy for mild to moderate depression |
| alternative therapies | Herbal medicine Massage Spiritual therapy |
| pessimistic explanatory style | permanent, pervasive, internal or personal |
| optimistic explanatory style | temporary, specific, external |
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Addi678
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