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psychology paper 3:

psychology: issues and debates

QuestionAnswer
1. what is androcentric bias? dominantly male perspective
2. what is alpha bias in gender? exaggerated differences between males and females
3. what is beta bias in gender? minimises differences between males and females
4. examples of alpha bias in gender? Freud (psychodynamic approach) and evolutionary theory (Darwin)
5. examples of beta bias in gender? flight or flight BUT Taylor et al (2000) -> tend and befriend Milgram using only male participants in his shock study
6. explain consequences on gender bias (-) Mustin and Marecek points out that arguing for equality ignores the actual biological differences and special needs eg women needing parental leave for biological demands of pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding
7. explain how the old assumptions on gender bias needs to be examined (-) Darwin's evolutionary theory how woman coy (choose best suitor to carry eggs) and men competitive BUT women can be competitive + aggressive when needed eg fighting another female for the best male
8. explain feminist psychology in gender bias agree that there are real biological differences but stereotypes contribute most to these Eagly (1978) said women may be less effective leaders leads to more support for suitable training for future with more women leaders (say bad = leads to support)
9. explain how differences in gender may be due to research methods Rosenthal (1966) explained how male experimenters = more pleasant + friendly + encouraging to females male so males performed worse in tasks assigned
10. what is cultural bias? tendency to judge all people in terms of own cultural assumptions which distorts or biases your judgement
11. define culture knowledge + values shared by a society
12. what is alpha bias in culture? real enduring exaggerated differences between cultural groups
13. what is beta bias in culture? ignoring or minimising cultural differences
14. examples of alpha bias in culture? differences between individualist and collectivist cultures (they are actually quite similar)
15. examples of beta bias in culture? western psychologists using IQ tests they made assuming it applies to all other cultures
16. what is cultural relativism? behaviour no judged properly unless viewed in context of culture in which it originates
17. what is ethnocentrism? seeing things from pov of self + own social group
18. examples of cultural bias? Milgram, Asch, Zimbardo
19. Margaret Mead Case Study? observed social groups in Papua New Guinea finding that some behaviours are innate eg aggressiveness in men in all 3 cultures but degree they are expressed is determined by culture
20. ways of overcoming cultural bias? by using studies from different cultural groups eg Smith and Bond (1998) surveyed research from one European textbook finding 66% = American 32 = European and 2% rest of world studies
21. consequences of cultural bias? leads to enduring stereotypes (Gould 1981) where US Army IQ test used before WW1 where African-Americans were at the bottom of the scale with the lowest mental age
22. modern psychologists travel more? David Buss and co-workers did a classic study on mate preferences in 37 different cultures to look at universal behaviour (etic approach) reducing ethnocentrism and valuing + identifying real differences
23. what is an etic approach? look at universal behaviour
24. what is an emic approach? investigation of culture from within the culture itself
25. development of indigenous psychologies? to counter ethnocentrism encouraging indigenous psychologies eg Afrocentrism -> think all roots in Africa = irrelevant to life + culture of people of African descent
26. what is biological determinism? behaviour determined by genes, hormones and neurotransmitters
27. what is hard determinism? completely out of control all behaviour predicted and there is no free will
28. example of biological determinism? OCD, depression, COMT SERT gene hormones
29. what is environmental determinism? behaviour is caused by previous experience through classical and operant conditioning (direct or indirect)
30. example of environmental determinism? social roles (Zimbardo 1973) and Bandura (1961)
31. what is psychic determinism? behaviour is determined by a mix of innate drives and external forces
32. example of psychic determinism? Pavlov's dog Little Hans and role of unconscious (id,ego and superego, childhood experiences)
33. what is soft determinism? make conscious decisions with limits of what they already know (schema)
34. strength of the deterministic approach scientific? scientific as assumes behaviour is a result of cause and effect so easier to investigate scientifically
35. why cant one explanation solely explain and determine behaviour in determinism? never 100% same eg intelligence IQ twin studies = 80% neither are concordance rates so biological and environmental cant entirely be the one explanation
36. how is determinism used to avoid punishment? criminal cases for US murders where they said they inherited aggressive tendencies which lead to their crimes so it is not their fault -> essentially excusing their behaviour
37. example of free Will? humanistic approach
38. explain the illusion of free will? Skinner argues that a person may seem to choose something but their choices were already determined by previous reinforcement experiences
39. brain activity research against free will? Chun Siong Soon et al (2008) found activity in the prefrontal cortex up to 10 seconds before a person was aware of their action to act
40. soft determinism as AO3? middle ground where James stated we can make conscious decisions with limits of what we know (schema)
41. what does nature mean in the nature nurture argument? contribution of only genetic inheritance inherited by parents evolutionary and biological explanations
42. what does nurture mean in the nature nurture argument? contribution of only environmental factors influence of experiences after born physical and social interactions
43. example of nature approach? biological approach (genes, hormones and brain structure)
44. example of nurture approach? behaviourism / learning theory (learned through conditioning)
45. what are nativists? strongly purely support nature debate
46. what are empiricists? strongly purely support nurture debate
47.
Created by: chachink
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