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Dement & Kleitman
Cambridge International Dement & Kleitman details
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is an EEG? | Electroencephalogram - a device that senses electrical neural activity to plot brain activity in waves |
| When analysing an EEG, what are the two main features of the lines that are analysed? | Frequency and amplitude |
| How many stages of sleep are there, and what are they called? | 5 stages: Stage 1-4 and REM sleep |
| What does REM stand for? | Rapid Eye Movement |
| What does NREM stand for? | Non Rapid Eye Movement sleep (any stage that is not REM) |
| In which sleep stage are vivid dreams believed to occur? | REM sleep |
| What was the sample size of this study? | 9 - 7 male, 2 female |
| How many of the participants were studied intensively? | 5 |
| What instructions were participants given before arriving at the sleep lab? | To eat normally, but avoid caffeine and alcohol |
| How did Dement & Kleitman describe the sleep lab room? | Quiet and dark |
| How did researchers limit the risk of entanglement with the EEG? | All wires were collected together at the top of the head, with a single cord leading to the box |
| Describe the frequency and way in which participants were awoken | They were awakened by a doorbell at various times throughout the night, 4-8 times per night, at roughly equal amounts for each 2-hour period |
| Describe the EEG patterns observed during REM sleep | Low-voltage, relatively fast patterns. This pattern is similar to a waking brain. |
| How long did REM periods last for? | They ranged from 3-50 mins, with an average of 20 mins (though they tended to be longer in later periods of the night) |
| What were participants instructed to do upon being woken? | Speak into a recording device. Say whether or not they had been dreaming and, if so, say the content of the dream |
| What was the criteria for a dream to be classified? | If the participant could relate a coherent, fairly detailed description of dream content |
| Overall, how many times were participants woken during REM sleep? | 191 |
| Overall, how many times were participants woken during NREM sleep? | 160 |
| What fraction or percentage of REM awakenings led to dream recall? | 152/191 - or 79.6% |
| What fraction or percentage of NREM awakenings led to dream recall? | 11/160 - or 6.9% |
| What did participants report experiencing if woken during deep sleep? | A feeling that they must have been dreaming but without remembering what happened. They described lots of feelings, such as pleasantness, anxiety, detachment etc. |
| In order to test accuracy of dream length estimates, participants were woken how long into REM sleep? | 5 mins or 15 mins |
| Which participant was not able to accurately estimate their dream length? | DN |
| What did the researchers hypothesise the movement of eyes during REM represented? | The visual imagery of the dream - corresponding with what the sleeper is viewing |
| How did researchers test their hypothesis about the significance of eye movements during REM? | By waking them when a pattern of eye movement had persisted for 1 minute and asking them to describe their dream content |
| What were the four predominant patterns of eye movement researchers were looking out for? | a) mainly vertical, b) mainly horizontal, c) both vertical and horizontal, d) very little movement |
| Give an example of a dream that matched the pattern of eye movement seen | Examples could include: looking up at climbers on a cliff; climbing up ladders; throwing basketballs at a net; watching people throw tomatoes at one another; looking at things in the distance |
| What did Dement & Kleitman conclude about where vivid dreams occur? | REM sleep is where vivid dreams occur |
| What did Dement & Kleitman conclude about dream duration? | Dreams are experienced in real time, so we can accurately estimate their duration |
| What did Dement & Kleitman conclude about the significance of eye movements during REM? | They concluded that eye movements correspond to what the dreamer is actually observing |
| Give an example of quantitative data from this study | Rate of dream recall in the stages; percentage of correct estimations of dream length |
| Give an example of qualitative data from this study | Content of the dreams |
| What fraction of dream length estimates were correct? | 92/111 (or 83%) |
Created by:
MrSamBlakeley
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