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Psychology
exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What did Sigmund want to be | a chemist but settled with physician |
| Why did Sigmund see patients | to fund his research lab but didnt like it |
| What did Sigmund publish works on | Analgesic effects of cocaine, Comparative anatomy of spinal cord, and Cerebral Paralysis |
| Who did Frued see for patients | mostly yound women who suffered ailments that have no physical cause |
| who did Frued team up with | Joseph Breuer to coin term Catharsis |
| What did Freud do for his patients | helped cleanse them of unconsious conflicts causeing their ailments |
| Freudiant Slips | may show more info than want to share |
| Catharsis | Cleansing of bottled up emotions |
| Avenues to Unconscious (FA,SS,DA) | free association, Slips in Speech, Dream Analysis |
| Where did the PsychoDynamic Theory emerge from | Psychanalysis |
| 3 major parts of Personality | Id, SuperEgo, Ego |
| Id | contains all biological drives, Operates on the plessure principle, Demands Immediate Satisfaction, Present at Birth |
| 2 parts of Id (sV) | Sex and Violence |
| Super Ego | inner morality to do the right thing, develops over time, contains society's rule and regulation |
| Ego | Compromises between Id and Super Ego develops over time, functions on the reality principle |
| Where is the largest part of personality | outside of our concious awareness |
| Concious= | STM/ current awareness |
| Preconscious= | non-current thoughts (LTM) Outside of awareness but accesible |
| Unconscious= | Chaos of thoughts and emotions( sex and violence) |
| Ice Berg Unconscious example | most stuff under water like the unconscious |
| Freuds 5 Psychosexual stages (OAPLG) | Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, Genital |
| Oral Stage | 0-1 years Libido Satisfied by stimulation of the mouth |
| Anal Stage | 1-3 years Libido Satisfied through bowel movements and control of the bowels |
| Phallic Stage | 3-6 years Libido Satisfied by self-stimulation of genitals |
| Boys Phallic Stage name | Oedipus Complex |
| Girls Phallic Stage name | Electra Complex |
| boys phallic stage towards parents | fall in love with mothers and kill fathers for romantic rivals |
| Girls phallic stage towards parents | fall in love with fathers and kill mothers for romantic rivals |
| What stage do girls never fall out of | Phallic stage, why girls marry guys like their dad |
| Latent Stage | 6- puberty, psychosexual energy is suppressed (Coodie Stage) |
| Genital Stage | puberty- rest of life, Libido satisfied through penile-vaginal intercourse |
| Fixation | development gone wrong, Blockage of a sexual urge |
| tramatic events | when stages halt development |
| What to fixations manifest | personality disorders as adult |
| Fixation of Oral Stage | Focus around mouth, drinking smoking over-eating |
| Fixation of Anal Stage | Excessively orderly, stingy, stubborn |
| Fixation Phallic Stage | Poor Social Skills, (ADHD) |
| Girl and Boy Fixation Phallic Stage | Girls- Penis Envy, Boys- penis worship and fear of castration |
| Fixation Latent and Genital Stage | No fixations, thats why its an early childhood theory of personality |
| Defense Mechanism | allow us to deal with conflicts without going psychotic |
| Repression Mechanism | Motivated Forgetting |
| Denial Mechanism | Refusing to believe conflict exists |
| Rationalization Mechanism | Justifying conflict |
| Displacement Mechanism | taking out conflict on another target |
| Regression Mechanism | Return to Juvinile function |
| Projection Mechanism | Attributing ones own conflict to others |
| Reaction Formation Mechanism | behaving in complete opposite way to deal with conflict |
| Sublimation Mechanism | finding a socially acceptable release for the conflict |
| Actively pushing memories away | Repression |
| gallon of vodka a day is not a problem | Denial |
| loss of $20~ meh I dont need it anyway | Rationalization |
| mad at boss but take it out on husband | Displacement |
| Crying over stress | Regression |
| your problems now your friends too | Projection |
| have gay intentions so now decide to be an anti-gay person | Reaction Formation |
| Kim works out to relieve stress | Sublimation |
| are there Other PsychoAnalyists | few if any strict Freudians today but others altered the theory |
| Carl Jung Disagreed with Freud on | infintile sexual conflict, innate aggresion, dreams |
| What did Carl Jung focus on | Super Ego with the sharred collective unconscious |
| Alfred Adler downplayed | role of the unconscious |
| Inferiority Complex | when effort to be superior is blocked |
| Alfred Adler said we are driven | to be Superior but just for differnt things |
| Erik Erikson focus on | Ego |
| Alfred Adler focus on | Super Ego |
| Erik Erikson thought development occured | throughout life |
| Erik Erickson brought up the | 8 stages of development or crisis points |
| Projection | negative feelings placed on someone/ something else |
| Asking Friends if mad at you | Projection |
| Verbal processing | Regression |
| Humanists believe in | Free Will |
| According to Humanists psychology isnt a science because | people can choose how to respond to experiments |
| Main Humanist | Carl Rogers |
| What did Carl Roggers create | client-centered therapy because each person distinct individual |
| According to Carl people strive for | self determination |
| According to Carl problems arise when | self determination is not possible |
| Self Actualization | People Follow own impulses, Accepting of self/others, accurate view of reality, Enjoy Life, Problem Solvers, Good Sense of Humor |
| According to Behaviorists, Personality doesnt determine | how someone behaves, rather someone behaviors determine personality |
| Honest people dont | Behave dishonestly |
| Trait Theorists believe people have | long lasting personality traits |
| Big 5 for personality (ACONE) | Extroversion, Agreeableness, Openness, conscientiousness, Neuroticism |
| Abnormal | Relative term to what is normal |
| Abnormal Child number | average adult has 2.2 kids |
| Abnormal Behavior | pattern of behavior associated with disability, distress, and/or increased risk of pain, death, loss of freedom |
| 3 Approaches to Abnormal Behavior | PsychoAnyalytic, Physiological, Behaviorral |
| PsycoAnalytic | Deep Seeded psychological conflict |
| PschoAnalytic example | conflict in the unconscious from early childhood experiences |
| PsychoAnalytical Treatment | Talk Therapy, PsychoAnalysis |
| Physiological | causes for abnormal behavior |
| Physiological Examples | Genetics, Hormones, Brain Damage, Chemical Imbalences |
| Physiological treatment | drugs or surgery |
| PsychoAnalytical ADHD example | ADHD is a way of dealing with what really is wrong, used to get at underlying problem |
| Physiological ADHD Example | caused by malfunctioning brain, treated with drugs |
| Behavioral ADHD Example | behavior is maintained by its consequences, conswquences must be altered |
| Behavioral Approach | learned behavior patterns produced by classical or opperant conditioning |
| Behavioral Treatments | Reconditioning by behavior modification or applied behavior analysis |
| 2 basic types of Assessing Abnormality | Projective and Objective |
| Projective | open ended questions, person answer anyway they see fit |
| Projective Tests | Rorschach Ink Blot Test and Thematic Apperception Test |
| Rorschach test | symmetrical splatter ink blot |
| Rorschach Test answers compared to | normalized responces (Subjective) |
| Thematic Apperception Test | pictures of Ambiguous Scenes where person makes story of what is happening |
| Objective Test | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) |
| DSM classifies how many disorders | 200-250+ psychological disorders |
| If DMS says you suffer from disorder | does mean you actually suffer from it |
| Objectively increases | Reliability not validity |
| Approaches to Abnormal Behavior, Behavioral Cause | reward, punish, reinforce abnormal behavior into pattern |
| Approaches to Abnormal Behavior, Behavioral Treatment | Reconditioning, counter conditioning, extinction |
| Approaches to Abnormal Behavior, Psychoanalytic cause example | parents divorce in childhood, death in childhood |
| Approaches to Abnormal Behavior, Psychoanalytic treatment | talk therapy about divorce or death |
| Phobias | fear so extreme it interferes with normal functioning |
| Phobia Treatment | Extinction and Counter Conditioning |
| Flooding | Massive exposure to CS without US |
| Phobia Extinction Example drill | Scared of Drill, Put drill right next to ear without |
| Phobia Extinction Example heights | Scared of heights, tie you to rope and dangle you from building for hours, now not scared of height but scared of me |
| Counter Conditioning is also known as | Systematic Desensitization process |
| Counter Conditioning | pair anxiety producing CS with a new pleasant US, new CR "counters" the old one |
| Counter Conditioning Process | identify series of situations/events that produce anxiety and rank them in order from least to most terrifying. Counter Condition and once get over first CS move to next one |
| Obsessive Compulsive Disorder affects | inflict about 2-3% of population |
| Obsessions | repetitive unwanted thoughts (Driver) |
| Compulsions | repetitive irresistible actions (Response to Driver) |
| OCD Explanation Freudian | Anal Stage |
| OCD Explanation Physiological | linked with serotonin levels |
| OCD Treatment Behavioral | Flooding |
| OCD Treatment Outcomes ranked | Flooding> Drugs>Therapy |
| Depression | prolonged state in which involves loss of interest in daily life and less product activity |
| Depression Symptoms | Trouble Concentrating, Loss of appetite/Sex Drive, Sad Look |
| Depression Explanation Psychoanalytic | unconscious conflict that many arises from variety of tissues |
| Depression Explanation Freud | most likely repression |
| Depression Explanation Physiological | most accepted approach to depression today (Depression limited to Genetics, Hormones, Chemical Imbalances) |
| Depression Treatments Physiological | Drugs, Electroconvulsive Shock, Bright Light |
| Depression Explanation Behavioral | Learned Helplessness |
| Learned Helplessness | after experiencing inescapable aversive events, an organism will sometimes fail to learn as escape response |
| Learned Helplessness treatment | Forced Success and Immunization |
| Forced Success | forcing person to experience consequences for their behavior helps overcome learned Helplessness |
| Immunization | early successes block Leaned Helplessness |
| Immunization Example of dog | dog would know he can jump over fence once it goes down but just not when its up high |
| Bipolar Disorder | Periods of depression that alternate with periods of Mania |
| Bipolar Symptoms | Hyperactivity, Highly emotional, Energetic |
| Bipolar depression affects | less than 1% of the population |
| Onset of Bipolar Disorder | typically in persons 20's |
| Bipolar Treatment | Drugs to flatten mood swings, but makes life bleh |
| Seasonal Affective Disorder | Depression that goes with seasons |
| Sad is most common | in winter the farther north you go and where its cloudy |
| What causes SAD | Too Little Light |
| What is the Treatment for SAD | put someone in bright light for extended time |
| What is the hardest Mood Disorder to treat | Schizophrenia |
| Schizophrenia has multiple personality's (T/F) | False they have a split mind |
| What is Schizophrenia | relation between thought, emotion, and behavior, leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions and feelings, withdrawal from reality |
| Schizophrenia affects | 1-2% of the population |
| Onset of Schizophrenia | Early Onset, between 20-40 years old, highest between 25-35 |
| Schizophrenia Symptoms (CHEAD) | Hallucinations, Delusions, Emotional Aspects, Catatonia |
| Hallucinations | sensory experiences that have no external correlate |
| Delusions | Unfound Beliefs |
| 3 types of Delusions | Persecution, Grandeur, Reference |
| Delusions of Persecution | Someone/Something is after you |
| Delusions of Grandeur | You are someone else |
| Delusions of Reference | you are the focus of reality and center of universe |
| Example of Persecution | Paranoia |
| Example of Grandeur | Jesus, Michael Jackson |
| Example of Reference | person can stop a movie in the movie theater and talk to the actors |
| Emotional Aspects | Seldom Express Emotions |
| Catatonia | movement disorder, excessive activity or standing still for days |
| Causes of Schizophrenia | only theories, Brain Damage, Dopamine, |
| What is different in the brain of a Schizophrenia | Small frontal lobes |
| Schizophrenia treatment | Drug to block dopamine |
| Social Psychology | how an individual behavior is affected by interactions with others |
| How are Sociology different than Psychology | Sociologists study groups, psychologists study individuals |
| Attribution | how we explain behavior of others and ourselves |
| Behavior is attributed to what 2 causes | External- environmental and situational factors Internal- Personality and Dispositional Factors |
| what are the 2 attribution errors | Fundamental Attribution Errors and Self-Serving Bias |
| Fundamental Attribution Error | when trying to explain behavior of other people we either Underestimate situational factors and Overestimate disposition factors which fades with time |
| Self-Serving Bias | When explaining own behavior we attribute our successes to dispositional factors, and our failures to situational factors |
| FAE example | assume person just doesn't car and is a bad person for not showing up instead of thinking they just have a sick kid |
| SSB Dumbed Down | Internalize Success and Externalize Failure |
| FAE Dumbed Down | Overemphasize characteristics and Underemphasize situational factors |
| Step One of model for behavior | Notice the event, easier with less people around |
| Step Two of model for behavior | Interpret the event as emergency, hard to tell messing around from fighting |
| Step Three of model for behavior | Accept Responsibility, decide if you need to intervene or not |
| Step Four of model for behavior | Know how to help, more likely to help if you know how to |
| Step Five of model for behavior | Intervene, if yes to 1-4 then 5 |
| Carl Jung was responsible for identifying | identifying the collective unconscious. |
| Which part of our personality operates under the pleasure principle? | Id |
| Which of the following could be behavioral manifestations of a fixation in the oral stage of development? | smoking, consuming alcohol , overeating |
| Ego | is our rationality, compromises between the Id and Superego, is in our conscious. |
| Which of the following believe in free will? | Humanists |
| When thoughts are repressed, they are actively pushed into the | Unconscious |
| A person fixated in the anal stage may be | extremely orderly and perfectionistic |
| Maslow's hierarchy of needs includes | physiological needs, safety needs, self-actualization. |
| A clerk cannot stand a customer, but goes out of his way to be nice. Which defense mechanism? | reaction formation |
| Psychosexual energy is repressed during the | Latent Stage |
| Your roommate throws things at the television whenever a referee calls a penalty on the team for which he is routing. Freud would call this | Regression |
| Our inner morality is called | SuperEgo |
| Which component of your personality, according to Freud, was present at birth? | Id |
| Freud believed that there were several “windows” into the subconscious. Which of the following was not one of those windows? | hypnosis, free association, dream analysis |
| Which of the following statements is consistent with how a behaviorist would define “personality?” | a person’s behavior determines his or her personality |
| Freud’s theory of personality development included five stages of psychosexual development. Which of the following believe that we went through eight stages of psychosocial development? | Erickson |
| Carl Jung disagreed with Freud about the validity of dream analysis. Which Freudain defense mechanism was Jung using so that Jung would not have to admit Freud was correct? | Denial |
| A person that has a good sense of humor, has realistic expections, is accepting of him/herself as well as others, and is a problem solver would be considered | Self-Actualized |
| The “Big Five” theory of personality was developed how | by determining categories based on all the adjectives describing human behaviors and emotion found in the English language. |
| The main objective of the DSM (Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders IV is to | Classify various disorders |
| Phobias are caused by | Classical Conditioning |
| Which of the following is a projective test that involves telling a story about an ambiguous picture? | Thematic Apperception Test |
| Cameron is showing a variety of physical problems that do not seem to have physical causes. Cameron is suffering from | somatoform disorder. |
| Someone with multiple personalities is suffering from | a dissociative disorder. |
| Which of the following techniques for treating phobias works through extinction? | Flooding |
| Another name for manic-depressive disorder is | Bipolar Disorder |
| Which of the following is not something that a schizophrenic might suffer from? | Mania |
| Learned helplessness is a potential model for | Depression |
| Lori is severely depressed. Her therapist suggests several sessions of free-association. | psychoanalytic |
| phobia is defined as | fear so extreme that it interferes with normal functioning. |
| Someone who displays movements that are independent of the environmental context is said to be suffering from | Catatonia |
| Which of the following “psychological” disorders is the most prevalent? | Depression |
| Someone who displays depression that tends to cycle with the seasons and that is usually worse during the winter months may have | Seasonal Affective Disorder |
| Which of the following disorders is not an “anxiety disorder?” | Multiple-Personality Disorder |
| Which of the following neurotransmitters have been implicated as being involved in Schizophrenia? | Dopamine |
| Depression could potentially be the result of which of the following? | a chemical imbalance, Learned Helplessness, insufficient exposure to light |
| Sigmund Freud saw many patients that had physical symptoms that did not appear to be caused by physical problems. Today, we would say that such patients are suffering from a | Somatoform Disorder |
| A psychiatrist says that you may be depressed because depression appears to run in your family. The psychiatrist is taking which approach to psychological disorders? | Physiological |
| According to someone who takes a behavioral approach to abnormal behavior, the reason that someone behaves abnormally is because the person | has learned that abnormal behavior. |
| In obsessive-compulsive disorder, the compulsions refer to | the irresistible behaviors. |
| You find yourself in an elevator with one other person. Which of the following factors could potentially contribute to whether or not you are attracted to the person? | the person is physically attractive, you have just finished jogging, you have seen this person several times before |
| Which of the following tends to fade with time? | fundamental attribution error |
| You are in an argument with your friend and you are trying to convince her that she is wrong. According to the Yale approach to persuasion, which of the following would make you more persuasive? 1 or 2 sided argument | you use a two-sided argument |
| Does physical attractiveness influence conformity? | No |
| Persuasion would qualify as which of the following? | Acceptance |
| Which of the following is necessary before someone will show prosocial behavior? | the person must notice the situation, the person must accept responsibility for help, the person must perceive the situation as one in which help is needed |
| The fact that proximity has an effect on attraction can probably be explained by | mere-exposure effect |
| People that employ a self-serving bias | attribute their successes to dispositional factors |
| In his studies on obedience, Milgram found that | most people were completely obedient |
| Why might people who speak quickly be more persuasive? | They are perceived as experts |
| Offering a small incentive and then following up with a much larger request is known as | the foot-in-the-door technique. |
| The fundamental attribution error explains | how you make attributions about someone else’s behavior. |
| The more people that are around, the less likely any one individual is to help someone else. | diffusion of responsibility |
| Attitudes are to _______ as behaviors are to _______ | acceptance; compliance |
| In terms of interpersonal attraction, we will often like people that also like us. Which of the following terms describes this finding? | reciprocity |
| Ways to be most persuasive, (SQEASEA) | Speak Quickly, Percieved as expert, Attractive, other person has low self esteem, correctly choose 1 or 2 sided argument |
| Use 1 sided argument's when | audience is somewhat on your side |
| Use 2 sided argument's when | the audience is neutral or against you |
| 1 sided argument presents the | Pros |
| 2 sided arguments present the | Pros and Cons |
| 2 Types of Cognitive Approach to Persuasion | Central and Peripheral |
| Central Cognitive Approach | relies on careful processing of the information |
| Peripheral Cognitive Approach | relies on indirect persuasion cues |
| When to use Central Approach | Arguments Strong, Ample time to make decision, situation is free of distractions |
| When to use Peripheral Approach | Weak argument, quick decision, persuasion cues are abundant |
| Conformity | changing the behavior through real or imagined pressure |
| 2 types of Conformity (AC) | Compliance and Acceptance |
| Compliance | behavior changes but attitudes do not |
| Acceptance | Both behavior's and attitudes change |
| Asch's Judgement test | 8 people given wrong answer to see if last person conforms and gives wrong answer |
| People Conformed how often at least once | 76% at least once |
| Factors Influencing conformity | Group Size, Group Cohesion, Unanimity |
| Group Size for influencing conformity | conformity rates increased with group size until 5-6 members and then platued until 15 members before decreasing |
| Group Cohesion for influencing conformity | the more affiliated the people are with one another, the more likely to conform |
| Unanimity for influencing conformity | Dissenting Opinions decreased conformity even if incorrect |
| Obedience | Conformity by demand, teacher and student experiment for punishing and learning |
| Will people severely shock strangers | nearly 65% did |
| Factors influencing obidience | Absence of Authority, Others Conformity, Personal Contact |
| Absence of authority | the more distant the experimenter, the less obedient the participant |
| Others Conformity | a dissenting opinion lessened obedience ( If 2nd teacher left first would too) |
| Personal Contact | closer the victum, less obedient the participant, (Watching through window, placing victum hand on shocker) |
| Libido | Sexual Satisfaction |
| Collective Unconscious | universal version of the personal unconscious, holding mental patterns, or memory traces, which are common to all of us |
| Hierarchy of needs | Physiological needs, Saftey Needs, Belongingness and Love, Esteem Needs, Need to know/understand, Aestetic Needs, Self-Actualization, Transcendence |
| Altruistic Behavior | people’s desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits of helping. |
| Anxiety Disorders | excessive and persistent fear and anxiety, and by related disturbances in behavior, 25-30% |
| Personality Disorders | exhibit a personality style that differs markedly from the expectations of their culture, is pervasive and inflexible, begins |
| Dissociative Disorders | an individual becoming split off, or dissociated, from their core sense of self. Memory and identity become disturbed |
| Somatoform Disorders | Physical Body Symptoms without Physical Cause |
| prosocial behavior | behavior that helps or benefits others |
| Intoxicated people are ______ likely to help in iffy situation | More |
| 4 things that make other people more attractive | Proximity, Physical Appearance, Similarity, Misattribution of Arousal |
| Proximity | longest studied, not enough, you need to be exposed to each other |
| Mere-Exposure Effect | more we are exposed to a person the more attractive we find them |
| Physical Appearence | first impression is important |
| What 2 things increase attractiveness | Symmetry and Averageness |
| Opposites Attrach | Rarely |
| Similarity | more attitude's we share the more likely to find them attractive |
| Misattribution of Arousal | increase BP, Heart Rate, and anxiety boosts the rate of attraction |
Created by:
brkolstoe
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