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Clinical therapies
EPPP Questions to study clinical therapy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What therapy and what part personality part? : its life (sexual) and death (aggression) instincts are the primary source of psychic energy? | Psychoanalysis (Freud), the "ID" operates according to the pleasure principle and seeks immediate gratification of its instinctual needs using unconscious irrational means. |
| At ___ months the _______ develops. Operates on the reality principle | ego develops at about six months of age and operates according to the reality principle. seeks to at least partially gratify the id’s instincts, it attempts to do so in realistic rational ways |
| The last aspect of personality to develop according to Freud. blocks the ____ instinct. | superego is the last aspect of personality to develop. It represents the internalization of society’s values and standards and acts as the conscience. It attempts to permanently block (rather than gratify) the id’s instincts. |
| when the ego is unable to resolve a conflict between the id and superego using rational means, it resorts to one of its ? | defense mechanisms. |
| Reaction formation involves (Freud) ? | defending against an unacceptable impulse by expressing its opposite, projection involves attributing an unacceptable impulse to another person, |
| primary technique of psychoanalysis is analysis of the client’s free associations, dreams, resistance, and transference, and the process of analysis consists of what 4 steps? | Confrontation recognize bxs they’ve been unaware of cause. Clarification -cause of bxs into sharper focus by separating important details. Interpretation link conscious bxs to unconscious processes. (4) Repeated interpretation leads to catharsis/insight |
| The primary goal of Jung's analytical psychotherapy is ? | bring unconscious material into consciousness to facilitate the process of individuation, which occurs primarily during the second half of life |
| What technique's are used in Jung's analytic therapy? | Techniques used to achieve this goal include dream interpretation and the analysis of transference, which Jung viewed as being due to the projection of elements of the personal and collective unconscious. |
| How is Jung's collective unconscious different from the personal unconscious? | personal unconscious consists of a person’s own forgotten or repressed memories, while the collective unconscious consists of memories that are shared by all people and are passed down from one generation to the next. |
| How are archetypes expressed according to Jung? | The collective unconscious contains archetypes, which are universal thoughts/images that predispose people to act in similar ways. They’re expressed in myths, symbols, and dreams and include the persona, shadow, hero, and anima and animus. |
| Adler’s Individual Psychology has what difference? | he replaced Freud’s sexual instincts with an innate social interest and desire for social connectedness and adopted a teleological approach that emphasizes the effects of future goals on current behavior. |
| Who proposed that people are motivated by feelings of inferiority that arise during childhood in response to real or imagined inadequacies and by a striving for superiority to overcome inferiority feeling? | Alfred Adler- Individual psychology |
| Who used the term "style of life" and said people have adopted a healthy style of life when their goals reflect not only concerns for personal achievement but also for the well-being of others? | style of life to describe the ways in which a person strives for superiority and proposed that a person’s style of life develops during early childhood. Adler, Individual Psychology |
| What therapy style says "Act as if" for a strategy? | Adler's Indiv Psychology. Strategies used to achieve this goal include identifying early recollections, dream analysis, and *having clients act “as if” they’re already the people they want to be. |
| What is object constancy in Object Relations Theory? | the development of mental representations (introjects) of the self and objects that allow the individual to value an object for reasons other than its ability to satisfy the individual’s needs |
| What are the 3 stages of object constancy in object relations theory? | normal autistic stage- 1st weeks of life. infants are self-absorbed /unaware of the ext envir. normal symbiotic stage-infants aware of the ext enviro but cant differentiate themselves/caregivers. separation-individuation -5 months-continues til 3 years |
| What are the substages of the separation-individuation stage of object relations-constancy? | 5 months to about 3 years old. It consists of four substages during which object constancy gradually develops: differentiation, practicing, rapprochement, and beginning of object constancy. |
| What is the goal of object relations therapy? | provide clients with a corrective reparenting experience in order to replace the client’s maladaptive introjects w more adaptive ones; which improve thr current relationships. provide clients w empathic acceptance,use psychoanalytic strategies |
| How are humanistic and existential therapies different? | humanistic focus acceptance/growth- help clients become more fully-functxn/self-actualizing. existential emphasize freedom/responsibility; “help clients confront anxieties that arise from the awareness of existential cond/ authentic engagement w 1s world |
| How are humanistic and existential therapies similar? | both focus on the here-and-now and adopt a phenomenological orientation. prioritize a client’s subjective experience over obj reality. reject the medical model/clinical labels. Focus on internal qualities and perspective rather than the client’s symptoms. |
| According to Carl Roger Person Centered therapy, what are conditions of worth? | Conditions of worth are one source of incongruence and occur, for example, when parents provide a child with love and acceptance only when the child behaves in certain ways. |
| What is the primary goal of person-centered therapy? | help the client become a “fully functioning person” not defensive, open to new experiences, engaged in the process of self-actualization. therapists provide 3 facilitative (core) conditions: empathy, unconditional positive regard, and congruence. |
| What therapy is based on maintaining homeostasis and says Neurosis (maladjustment) occurs when there’s a persistent disturbance in the boundary between the person and the environment? | Gestalt therapy is based on the assumptions that (a) people are motivated to maintain a state of homeostasis, which is repeatedly disrupted by unfulfilled physical and psychological needs, |
| What therapy says boundary disturbances cause problems? | Gestalt. Boundary disturbances-Introjection occurs when people adopt the beliefs, of others without evaluation.projection attribute undesirable aspects of themselves to other. |
| A neighbor who mimics everything you do is a Gestalt example of? | confluence -blur the distinction between themselves and others. |
| Avoiding a funeral because you don't want to deal with death is a Gestalt example of? | deflection avoid contact with the enviro; and |
| What technique is unique to Gestalt therapy? What is the goal of the therapy? | Gestalt therapists consider gaining awareness of one’s current thoughts, feelings, and actions to be the curative factor in therapy. Strategies used to increase awareness include dream work and the empty chair technique. |
| What are the 4 unresolved conflicts causing psych disturbances according to existential therapy? | Existential therapists view psychological disturbances as the result of an inability to resolve conflicts that arise when facing four ultimate concerns of existence: death, freedom, isolation, and meaningless |
| What are the 2 types of anxiety in Existentialism? Which is unhealthy? | Normal anxiety is in proportion to an objective threat, does not involve repression, motivate positive change. neurotic anxiety is disproportionate to an objective threat, involves repression, and keeps people from reaching their full potential. |
| What is the most important therapy tool for an Existential therapist? Name one additional technique they may use? | authentic therapist-client relationship to be the most important therapeutic tool but may use other techniques such as questioning, interpretation, and reframing. |
| For reality theapists, how do you achieve a successful identity? | When a person chooses to fulfill his/her needs responsibly (in positive, constructive ways that don’t infringe on the rights of others), the person has adopted a success identity |
| What theory is Reality therapy based on? Name 2 innate needs? | choice theory, which proposes that people have five basic innate needs (love and belonging, power, fun, freedom, and survival) and that the ways a person chooses to fulfill his or her needs determine whether he has a success or failure identity. |
| Strategies used by reality therapists are summarized by Wubbolding’s (1998) WDEP system: include? | Therapists ask clients about their wants and needs, determine what the client is currently doing to foster awareness of his/her behaviors, encourage the client evaluate his/her own behaviors, and help the client create a plan of action. |
| What is Seligman’s (2011) PERMA model, and describes the five essential elements of well-being: | Positive emotions (P) experiencing. Engagement (E) refers to being truly engaged-in “flow”. Relationships (R) having positive/meaningful R. Meaning (M) dedicated cause bigger than self. accomplishment-achievement (A) striving to better oneself/ goals. |
| What is one strategy of personal construct therapy? | Kelly developed fixed-role therapy to help clients try out alternative personal constructs. It involves having the client role-play a fictional character that is described by the therapist and construes events in alternative ways. |
| personal construct therapy focuses on how people construe (perceive, interpret, and anticipate) events. What does contrueing in a new way alleviate? | people can change the way they construe events to alleviate undesirable behxs and outcomes. construing involves the use of personal con.- bipolar dimensions of meaning (fair/unfair, friend/enemy) that arise from experience. unconscious or conscious level. |
| In personal construct therapy, what does the therapist client relationship look like? | Practitioners of personal construct therapy consider the therapist and client to be partners who work together to help the client identify and replace maladaptive personal constructs |
| For Gestalt therapists, __________ is a boundary disturbance that involves uncritically accepting the values, standards, and beliefs of other people | Introjection is one type of boundary disturbance that causes neurotic behavior. It occurs when a person adopts the values, standards, and beliefs of other people without evaluating them. |
| Practitioners of Glasser’s reality therapy view the primary motivator of behavior to be which of the following? | Glasser proposed that people are motivated to fulfill five basic needs: survival, love and belonging, power, freedom, and fun. |
| As described by Mahler, the beginning of object constancy follows which substage of separation-individuation? | Mahler identified four substages of the separation-individuation process: differentiation, practicing, *rapprochement*, and beginning of object constancy (which is also known as the consolidation and object constancy substage). |
| What is interpersonal psychotherapy? | It’s based on the medical model and views depression and other mental disorders as treatable medical illnesses, and its primary goals are symptom relief and improved interpersonal functioning. |
| Therapy involves three stages. What is first stage? | During the initial stage, the therapist determines the client’s diagnosis and the interpersonal context of the client’s symptoms. |
| Name 2 strategies in the middle phase of Ipt? | middle phase, the therapist uses a variety of strategies to address the problem area identified in the initial stage. Commonly used strategies include encouragement of affect, role-playing, communication analysis, and decision analysis |
| Assignment of solutions focused therapy? | a task to complete before the next session. For example, the formula first session task is assigned at the end of the first session and requires clients to identify something in their lives that they want to continue. What therapy? |
| What are the first two steps in transtheoretical model? How long | Clients in the precontemplation stage have no intention of taking action to change their behaviors in the next 6 months. Contemplation: plan to change in the next 6 months,ambivalent about changing, which may make it difficult to transition |
| What is stage 3 in stages of change/transtheoretical? Name a strategy | Preparation: Clients in the preparation stage plan to take action within the next month. strategies-support their decision to change and include self-reevaluation and self-liberation (believing that change is possible and making a commitment to change |
| What is stage 4 in stages of change/transtheoretical? Name a strategy | Action: Clients in the action stage are taking action to change their behaviors. Effective strategies for these individuals include contingency management, stimulus control, and counterconditioning. |
| What is stage 5 in stages of change/transtheoretical? Name a strategy | Maintenance: Clients transition to the maintenance stage when they have maintained the desired behavior change for six months. The primary focus of treatment for individuals in this stage is relapse prevention, counting mgmt. |
| In PC- PAM-T, is risk for relapse high or low at termination? | Termination: Clients in this stage are confident that their risk for relapse is low. 5 urs |
| MI consists of What four processes? | Engaging -productive working therapist-client relationship. Focusing identifying the targets of change. Evoking -eliciting the client’s own motivation. Planning includes consolidating the client’s commitment /plan of action to accomplish desired change |
| What are the 4 core comm skills of MI? | (OARS): open-ended questions, affirmations, reflective listening, and summaries. |
| In MI , give example of Change talk or Discord? | Change talk consists of statements that favor change – I’d probably feel a lot better if I stopped. Sustain talk -favor maintaining status quo –I’m not ready. Discord signal dissonance in the therapi-client relationship – e.g., You just don’t understand |
| MI is effective when used as a stand-alone treatment and can improve the benefits of other treatments when it is combined with them. Name 2 disorders that are better w comb w CBT? | GaD, OCD, other anxiety disorders |
| Name 2 elements of brief psychodynamic therapies? | Therapist active role from beginning 4 establish a therapeutic alliance. focused on major issues so goals can be w time limits. positive transference-exploration or education than on interpretation. address loss, separation to termination early. |
| What is cybernetic theory concerned with? | Cybernetic theory is concerned with the mechanisms that regulate a system’s functioning and distinguishes between negative and positive feedback loops: |
| What cybernetic feedback look maintains the status quo? | Negative feedback loops resist change and help a system maintain the status quo, while positive feedback loops amplify change and disrupt the status quo. |
| Why is homeostasis important in general systems theory? | General systems theory was used by biologists to describe the functioning of living and non-living systems. all systems consist of interacting components, w same general rules, have homeostatic mechanisms that help stability and equilibrium. |
| Bateson and his colleagues at the Mental Research Institute found what about double bind communication? | linked the development of schizophrenia to double-bind communication, which occurs when a person receives two contradictory messages from a family member and is not allowed to comment on the contradiction |
| What type of interaction according to Bateman, leads to one up man ship | Bateson also distinguished Symmetrical interactions reflect equality and occur when the behavior of one person elicits a similar type of behavior from the other person. Symmetrical interactions can escalate in intensity and become a “one-upmanship game.” |
| complementary interactions reflect ? and occur when the behavior of one person complements the behavior of the other person. A common complementary pattern is for one person to assume a dominant role, while the other assumes a subordinate role. | inequality and Problems occur in families when interactions between family members are exclusively symmetrical or complementary. |
| What are recent approaches to family therapy influenced by? They view family therapy as a shared process | influenced by postmodernism -premise there are universal laws that govern systems and can discover by scientific research. adopt a constructivist or social constructionist perspective and assume that there are multiple viewpoints and realities. |
| according the APA couples guide what are the best couple and family treatments ? | those that are “based on both science and the accumulated clinical knowledge of experienced practitioners in order to most accurately identify both the efficacy (reliability) and utility (contextual efficacy) of the clinical procedure” |
| Name a level 1 evidenced informed intervention for families,couples? | supported by pre-existing research (common factors research) or linked to evidence-based treatment models. not been empirically evaluated and/or have not been evaluated for specific pops/problems. Gottman’s marital therapy and structural family therapy |
| What are level two evidenced informed interventions couple,families ? | promising interventions that have preliminary evidence of their effectiveness but have not been replicated for specific populations or problems. Insight-oriented marital therapy and attachment-based family therapy are in this category |
| How many categories in level lll evidenced interventions? | Level III consists of evidence-based interventions that are supported by systematic high-quality research that shows they are effective for the clinical problems they are designed to treat. four additional sub categ |
| Behavioral couples therapy and family psychoeducation interventions for schizophrenia are examples of what category intervention? | Category 3 is evidence of the efficacy and effectiveness of an intervention’s model-specific change mechanisms (verified mechanisms of action). |
| Bowen’s extended family systems therapy is also known as ? | intergenerational and transgenerational family therapy. Bowen work w children with schizophrenia families. certain emotional processes from one generation to the next is responsible for the development of schizophrenia in a family member. |
| Terms used by Bowen to describe family functioning include the following: Name 2 | Differentiation: Differentiation is both intra- and interpersonal.Emotional Triangles helps alleviate tension and increase stability.Family Projection family projection parents’ proj of their emotional immaturity onto kids. Multigenerational Transmission |
| How many family members do bowen therapists see and why? | Bowenian therapists often see only two family members in therapy – usually the parents – or the individual family member who is most capable of increasing his or her level of differentiation |
| What therapy has The primary goal to increase each family member’s differentiation? | Bowen thyp begins w an assessment that includes constructing a genogram that depicts family relationships and important life events for at least three generations and is used to help family members understand intergenerational patterns of functioning. |
| Bowenian therapists ask questions that are designed to ? emotions and help family members identify how they ? to family problems. | Defuse. Contribute |
| What does a Bowen therapist do w triangles? What role does she take? | teach family members how to interact w triangulated relationships. assume the role of coach and stay connected - remain neutral/avoid becoming involved in the family’s emotional processes. |
| How do Bowenians reduce emotional reactivity? | To reduce emotional reactivity, they have family members talk directly to them . |
| Minuchin’s structural family therapy makes what assumption about family problems? | family member’s symptoms are related to problems in the family’s structure, and identifies subsystems and boundaries |
| Minuchin’s structural family what is the parental subsystem? | parental subsystem consists of family members who are responsible for caring for the children |
| What does Minuchin structural family therapy say about boundaries? | overly diffuse and lead to enmeshed relationships; at the other end are boundaries are overly rigid and lead to disengaged relationships. Midway -clear boundaries ;family members have close relationships each member personal identity. |
| What are the 4 rigi family triads in Minuchin's Structural family | stable coalition-1 parent+child form an inflexible alliance against other.unstable coal. aka triangulation parents want child side. detouring-attack coalition -parents avoid conflict;blame child. detouring-support parents avd conflict- overprotect child. |
| For Minuchin's structural family therapy why does maladaptive behaviors come about? | maladaptive behaviors are due to a dysfunctional family structure that causes the family to repeatedly respond inappropriately to developmental and situational stress. |
| Minuchin's structural family therapy- Goals | goals of therapy are to alleviate current symptoms and change the family structure by altering coalitions and creating clear boundaries. |
| What are the three overlapping phases of Minuchin's structural family therapy? | joining (mimesis, tracking, maintenance), evaluating, and intervening |
| What is the evaluating phase of Minuchin's strutural family therapy? | evaluate the family’s structure to make a structural diagnosis and identify appropriate interventions. Evaluation includes constructing a family map that depicts the family’s subsystems, boundaries, and other aspects of the family’s structure |
| Techniques of Minuchins Structural family therapy? | reframing, unbalancing, boundary making, enactment, Reframing =relabeling a prob behx . Unbalancing = alter hierarchical relationships -therapist aligns w person to increase power. Boundary making proximity betwn family. enactment = role-play |
| Haley’s strategic family therapy is based on what assumptions ? | struggles for power and control in relationships are core features of family functioning and that “a symptom is a strategy that is adaptive to a current social situation for controlling a relationship when all other strategies have failed |
| Haley’s strategic family therapy how are power and control determined? | power and control are determined primarily by hierarchies within a family and that maladaptive family functioning is often related to unclear or inappropriate hierarchies. |
| What is the primary goal in Haley’s strategic family therapy? | primary goal of therapy is to alter family interactions that are maintaining its symptoms. |
| The initial stage of Haley’s strategic family therapy is highly structured and contains what four stages? | brief social stage-welcome and observes interactions. problem st, each family mem’s view of family prob/ causes. interactional st, family members discuss different views of the family’s problem, therapist observes. goal-setting stg- agree problem/goals |
| Haley’s strategic family therapy is based on the assumptions | therapist uses a combination of straightforward and paradoxical directives. Paradoxical directives help family members realize that they have control over problematic behavior or use the resistance |
| Describe the paradoxical directives of strategic fam therapy? | 3: Prescribing the symptom -instructing family members to engage in the problem behavior, exaggerated. Restraining encouraging family members not to change. ordeal is an unpleasant task for member whenever he or she engages in the undesirable behavior. |
| Milan Systemic family therapy believes? | Milan systemic family therapy is based on the assumption that “the family as a whole protects itself from change through homeostatic rules and patterns of communication |
| What therapy has family games and dirty games? | Patterns of communication are referred to as family games, and family games associated with problematic behaviors are rigid, involve power struggles between family members, aka “dirty games.” Milan Systemic |
| What is the goal of Milan systemic family therapy? | to alter the family rules and communication patterns that are maintaining problematic behavior. This involves providing the family with information that challenges family games |
| Milan systemic family therapy is distinguished from other family therapies by what? | its use of a therapeutic team and five-part therapy sessions (pre-session, session, intersession, intervention, and post-session) and gaps between therapy sessions of four to six weeks. |
| What are the strategies for Milan systemic family therapy? | Strategies include hypothesizing, neutrality, circular questioning, positive connotation, and family rituals: Hypothesizing is “a continual interactive process of speculating and making assumptions about the family situation” |
| What is positive connotation and family rituals in Milan's systemic family therapy? | Positive connotation is a type of reframing helps change the family’s perception of a symptom from an individual illness to voluntarily -entire family system. Family rituals are activities carried out by fam betwn sessions 2 alter problematic family game |
| What therapy uses hypothesizing, neutrality, circular questioning, positive connotation, and family rituals? | Milan systemic family therapy |
| What is Satir's conjoint family therapy also known as, an influenced by? | conjoint family therapy is also known as the human validation process model and was influenced by humanistic psychology and communication and experiential approaches to family therapy. |
| Satir distinguished between four dysfunctional communication in his conjoint family therapy? | Placating-agree w/others due to fear, depend-desire 2be loved. Blaming -accusing/bully to avoid respons/hide feelings . Computing- overly intellectual. Distracting- change subject/ jokes to distract. congruent (level) betwn verbal/nonverbal messages. |
| what is the primary goal of conjoint family therapy? what's the most important therapeutic tool? | enhance the growth potential of family members by increasing their self-esteem, strengthening their problem-solving skills, and helping them communicate congruently. Satir viewed the therapist’s “use of the self” as the most important therapeutic tool |
| What does use of self look like in conjoint family therapy? name 2 roles? | use of the self” as the most important therapeutic tool and proposed that therapists have multiple roles when working with clients, including facilitator, mediator, advocate, educator, and role model. |
| What are the techniques of satir's conjoint family system therapy? | family sculpting (each family member positioning other family members in ways that depict his/her view of relationships) and family reconstruction (psychodrama - role-playing 3 generations of the family to explore unresolved family issues and events). |
| Practitioners of narrative family therapy consider a person’s problems come from? | as arising from/ maintained by, oppressive stories which dominate the person’s life” and they view these stories as being socially constructed |
| narrative family therapy how are problems viewed? | assume that the problem – not the person – is the problem |
| narrative family therapy sessions outline looks like? | meet-know them separate from probs; ask abt interest. Listening-pay atten to family say to id discourses;unique outcomes-“sparkling moments” exception of prob-stories. Separate fam from problem. Enacting pref narratives.Solidify strengthen prefd stories. |
| strategies in narrative family therapy? | externalizing questions are used to help clients view their problems as being outside themselves, while opening space questions help family members identify unique outcomes. therapeutic letters, therapeutic certificates, and definitional ceremonies |
| What are definitional ceremonies in narrative family therapies? | definitional ceremonies provide family members with opportunities to tell others how they overcame their problems and celebrate the changes they’ve made in their lives. |
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