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chapter 1
psych textbook
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| where was the first psychology lab? | Leipzig, Germany |
| who staffed the first psych lab? | Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) |
| what were the first schools of thought? | Structuralism and Functionalism |
| who fathered structuralism? | Edward Bradford Titchener (1867-1927) |
| what is the idea of structuralism? | To classify and understand the elements of the mind using self reflective introspection |
| what is introspection? (structuralism) | To look inward on oneself, reporting the elements of experiencing the senses (sight, touch, smell, hear, taste) |
| who fathered functionalism? | William James, under the influence of Charles Darwin |
| what is the idea of functionalism? | To go beyond labeling inward thoughts and feelings by considering their evolved functions (ex. why does the nose smell or the brain think?) |
| what is the function of consciousness? (functionalism) | It enables us to consider our past, adjust to our present, and plan our future |
| who was the first female president of the American Psychological Association (APA) | Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930) |
| who was the first woman to receive an official psychology PhD and secondfemale presidentof the APA? | Margaret Floy Washburn (1871-1939) |
| why did introspection fail? | It proved to be unreliable, the results varied widely from person to person and experience to experience |
| how was psychology redefined in the 1920's? | It was redefined as the study of observable behavior. You can't observe a sensation or feeling, but you CAN observe and record people's behavior as they are conditioned. |
| what is the redefinition of psychology called? | Behaviorism |
| who redefined psychology in the 1920's? | First was John B. Watson, later was B. F. Skinner |
| who fathered psychoanalytic psychology? | Sigmund Freud (Freudian Psychology) |
| what is emphasized in psychoanalytic psychology? | The ways our unconscious mind and childhood experiences affect our behavior |
| who fathered humanistic psychology? | Carl Roger's and Abraham Maslow in the 1960's |
| what is the focus of humanistic psychology? | Humanistic psychology focuses on our growth potential, need for love and acceptance, and the environments that nurture OR limit personal growth |
| what is contemporary psychology? | from the COGNITIVE REVOLUTION in the 1960's, contemporary psych brings the interest back to how the mind processes and retains information |
| what is cognitive psychology? | The study of how we perceive, process, and remember information, and how thinking and emotion interact with anxiety, depression, and other disorders |
| what is cognitive neuroscience? | The studynof brain activity and underlying mental activity |
| define behavior | Anything an organism does, actions that can be observed and recorded (blinking, yelling, talking, questionnaire marking...) |
| define mental processes | Internal, subjective experiences (sensations, perceptions, dreams, thoughts, beliefs, feelings...) |
| what is nature? (nature-nurture debate) | The belief that our behaviors are innate or inherited, focusing on biology and evolution |
| what is nurture? (nature-nurture debate) | The belief that our behaviors develop through life experiences, and the environment around us |
| define natural selection | the idea that the inherited traits enabling an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment will (competing with other trait variations) most likely be passed to succeeding generations |
| what is the focus of the neuroscience perspective? | How the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences |
| what is the focus of the evolutionary perspective? | How the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes |
| what is the focus of the behavior genetics perspective? | How our genes and our environment influence our individual differences |
| what is the focus of the psychodynamic perspective? | How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts |
| what is the focus of the behavioral perspective? | How we learn observable responses |
| what is the focus of the cognitive perspective? | How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information |
| what is the focus of the social-cultural perspective? | How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures |
| define basic research | Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base |
| define applied research | Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems |
| what is counseling psychology? | A branch of psych that assists people with problems in living and in achieving greater well-being |
| what is clinical psychology? | A branch of psych that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders |
| what is psychiatry? | A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy |
| what is community psychology? | A branch of psych that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions (ex. schools, neighborhoods...) affect individuals and groups |
| define hindsight bias | The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.) |
| what is the scientific method? | The process of objectively establishing facts through testing and experimentation using curiosity, skepticism, and humility |
| define meta-analysis | A statistical procedure for analyzing the results of multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion. |
| define case study | A descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles. |
| what is naturalistic observation? | A descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation. |
| define correlation | A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. |
| what is a correlation coefficient? | A statistical index of the relationship between two things (from −1.00 to +1.00) |
| what is a scatterplot? | a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables |
| define illusionary correlation | Perceiving a relationship where none exists, or perceiving a stronger-than-actual relationship. |
| define regression towards the mean | The tendency for extreme or unusual scores or events to fall back (regress) toward the average. |
| define experiment | A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). |
| what is random assignment? | Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between the different groups |
| define double-blind procedure | An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies. |
| what is the purpose of a descriptive study? | To observe and record behavior |
| what is the purpose of a correlational study? | To detect naturally occurring relationships; to assess how well one variable predicts another |
| what is the purpose of an experimental study? | To explore cause and effect |
| define placebo | Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behaviour caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent |
| define informed consent | Giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate |
| define debriefing | The post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participant |
| what is the mode? | The most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution |
| what is the mean? | The arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores |
| what is the median? | The middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it |
| define statistical significance | A statement of how likely it is that a result (such as a difference between samples) occurred by chance, assuming there is no difference between the populations being studied |
Created by:
muth
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