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Lifespan 5-9 EPPP
Lifespan Personality, Morality, and Family
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| At what sensorimotor substage does Internalization of Schemas occur? | Develops mental representations of reality and solves some problems mentally. 18-24 |
| What does conservation depend on during the concrete operational stage? | adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing; and conserve. Conservation depends on decentration and reversibility: Decentration to focus on more than one aspect at same time, reversibility is understanding actions and processes can be reversed. |
| Why do eyewitness testimony of young children tend to be least accurate? | eyewitness testimony of young children tends to be least accurate followed, in order, by the testimony of older children, adolescents, and adults, and this is because suggestibility declines with increasing age |
| How is storage of memory impacted with age? | the storage aspect of short-term memory (also known as primary memory) and remote long-term memory (also known as tertiary memory) are relatively unaffected by increasing age |
| What child type has irregular feeding and sleeping? | Difficult children have a negative mood, cry frequently, respond negatively to new people and situations, are very active, and have irregular feeding and sleeping routines. |
| What aspects of Rothbert's temperament is enduring over time? | Rothbart describes temperament as “constitutional differences in reactivity and self-regulation, with ‘constitutional’ seen as the relatively enduring biological makeup of the organism influenced over time by heredity, maturation, and experience” |
| What does self regulation do to your dominant response? | Self-regulation refers to processes that facilitate, maintain, and inhibit reactivity and consists of one factor – effortful control – which is the ability to “inhibit a dominant response … in order to perform a subdominant response” |
| What is the BI in Kagan's theory on temperament? | Kagan (1989) focused on the temperamental characteristic of behavioral inhibition (BI), which he described as the tendency to respond to unfamiliar people and situations with negative affect and withdrawal. |
| What has research found in terms of Behavioral Inhibition? | Studies have also found: increased risk for anxiety (social anxiety), depression, poorer social functioning in childhood, teen, and adulthood. parents of children with BI had higher rates of childhood anxiety disorders themselves, continuing in adulthood |
| What is the acrostic for Freud's psychosexual stages? | Only A Pussy Likes Girls |
| What is the acrostic for the first 5 of Erikson's theory and the corresponding first 5 virtues? | TAG I'm Running. Hope, Will, Plays, Computers, Fast |
| What stage of Erikson's theory is integrity vs. despair/ with the virtue of wisdom? | Late Adulthood |
| What stage of Erikson's theory is generativity vs. stagnation/care? | Middle Adulthood |
| What parenting style causes the highest likelihood a child will be a bully? | risk for bullying others being greater than the risk for being the victim of a bully- Authoritarian Parenting Style |
| What parenting styles causes highest likelihood the child will be victim of bullying? | Children tend to be self-centered, immature, and rebellious, poor impulse control /social skills, low levels of academic. The risk for being the victim of a bully being greater. Permissive Parenting. |
| Big 5 in adults- What trait decreases? What traits increase? | during adulthood, neuroticism decreases, extraversion and openness to experience remain relatively stable or decrease slightly, and agreeableness and conscientiousness increase |
| Women tend to score higher on 3 traits of the big 5? | individualistic (versus collectivist) cultures: self-report measure, women had higher scores on neuroticism, agreeableness, warmth, and openness to feelings, while men had higher scores on assertiveness and openness to ideas. |
| Self understanding in middle childhood says? | In middle childhood (ages 7 through 11), children’s self-descriptions become more general, refer to personality traits, and involve social comparisons (e.g., I’m good at sports, I’m a truthful person, I’m better at math than most of my friends) |
| Self understanding/Self awareness in adolescents say? | adolescents (ages 12 through 18) describe themselves in terms of abstract qualities including their beliefs and values and psychological qualities. They also recognize that their characteristics are not always consistent |
| Kohlberg's (1966) cognitive developmental theory was influenced by ? | Kohlberg's (1966) cognitive developmental theory was influenced by Piaget and is based on the assumption that gender identity development depends on cognitive development. It |
| What are the first 2 stages of Kohlberg's Cog Dev Theory? | 1.gender identity, which emerges between 2- 3 years -children identify themselves/others as male or female. 2. 4 years gender stability, children realize that gender identity is consistent over time – that is, girls become women and boys become men. |
| At what ages does gender constancy develop, according to Kohlberg? | conservation skills emerge at about 6 or 7 years of age, children develop gender constancy, which is the understanding that gender is stable not only over time but also across situations and doesn't change just because of a change in appearance or behavio |
| Bussey and Bandura’s (1999) social cognitive theory says what about gender identity? | gender identity development is the result of a combination of observation and imitation of the behaviors of same-gender adults and children and differential reinforcement. Kids receive praise /reinforcement -when engaged in gender-appropriate behaviors. |
| According to Bem, who has more salient gender- gender schematic or Aschematic people? | Gender is very salient for gender-schematic people who are more likely than gender-aschematic people to use gender norms to guide their own behavior and judge the behaviors of others. Gender reinforced norms in childhood create schematics. |
| Egan and Perry’s (2001) multidimensional model does not address gender identity development but, instead, identifies the components of gender identity. what are the 5 components? | Membership knowledge. Gender typicality- perceives own characteristics as being similar to same gender. Gender contentedness, Felt pressure -conform norms.intergroup bias-gender superiority |
| If you are low feminine/low masculine on bem'ssex roles inventory; what type are you? | Undifferentiated |
| Why is androgynous person best according to Bem? | Bem viewed androgyny as desirable;greater repertoire of ways to respond to situations. Studies have confirmed that androgynous individuals are better able than gender-typed individuals to adapt their behaviors to the situation |
| According to Marcia's model when individuals have experienced an identity crisis and, as a result, have a strong commitment to a specific identity....what stage are they in? | Identity achievement |
| What is identity foreclosure? | have not experienced an identity crisis but have a strong commitment to a particular identity as the result of accepting the values, goals, and preferences of their parents or other authority figure |
| If a person is in an identity crisis, but hasn't made a choice yet- what stage are they in (Marcia crisis/commitment model)? | Identity moratorium occurs when individuals have experienced or are experiencing an identity crisis but have not yet committed themselves to an identity. |
| At what Erikson Stage is a person most likely with learning about serious romantic partnership benefits? What is the virtue? | Young Adulthood intimacy vs. isolation/love |
| A 4 year old demanding to choose his own clothes and color his way, is most likely in what Erikson Stage? What is the Freud Equivalent? | initiative vs. guilt/purpose Phallic 3-6 years |
| A 10 year old wanting to choose her science project theme on her own; as well as the supplies , is most likely in what Erikson Stage? What is the Freud Equivalent? | industry vs. inferiority/competence Latency 6-12 |
| Bowlby’s (1969) ethological theory, which proposes ? | infants and their mothers are biologically predisposed to form an attachment to help ensure the survival of the infant: Innate of infants include sucking, crying, smiling, cooing. Elicit the mother’s attention -keep her in close proximity to the infant. |
| What are Bowlby’s four stages of attachment in the first 2 years of life? | preattachment, attachment-in-the-making, clear-cut attachment, and the formation of reciprocal relationships. These stages lead to the development of internal working models that consist of beliefs about the self, others, and the self. |
| At what age do signs of attachment first become apparent? | At 6-8 months, infants begin to exhibit social referencing and look to caregivers to determine how to act in ambiguous and unfamiliar situations. Separation anxiety also begins at about 6 to 8 months. |
| When is separation anxiety most intense? And when does stranger anxiety decline? | Separation anxiety also begins at about six to eight months, is most intense from 14 to 18 months, and thereafter gradually declines. Stranger anxiety begins at about 8-10 months and begins to decline at about age 2. |
| What are the 4 attachment patterns? | secure attachment explores the room when his/her mother is present, may or may not cry when she leaves, actively seeks contact, prefers her. insecure/resistant (ambivalent) attachment insecure/avoidant attachment disorganized/disoriented attachment |
| What attachment style is indifferent toward mother, exhibits little distress when she leaves, avoids return, and reacts to his/her mother and to a stranger in a similar way? | insecure/avoidant attachment -Mothers of these children are either rejecting or intrusive and over-stimulating |
| What attachment style is often maltreated by their caregivers, dazed face, confused behavior when she returns and when with a stranger? | disorganized/disoriented attachment. A baby with this pattern may or may not be distressed when his/her mother leaves. |
| insecure/resistant (ambivalent) attachment ; Mothers of these children are inconsistent in their caregiving. and these kids | stays close to his/her mother initially, is distressed when she leaves, may be angry and resist her attempts at contact when she returns, and is fearful of a stranger even when his/her mother is present |
| Research using the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) has found a relationship between the early attachment experiences of parents and the attachment patterns of their children-what 3 types? | autonomous preoccupied exhibited angry, confused dismissing provided positive but their descriptions were not supported |
| Studies investigating the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and childhood attachment have found ? | There’s evidence that this relationship is actually due to risk factors associated with low SES (rather than low SES itself) such as poor parental education, parental drug use, and father absence. |
| Where is the dismissing attachment pattern overrepresented? | The dismissing attachment pattern is overrepresented among low-SES mothers, with the overrepresentation being greatest for low-SES adolescent mothers |
| What cultural differences in attachment representation? | insecure/avoidant pattern was most prevalent in the United States, Germany-individualistic cultures. insecure/resistant pattern was most prevalent in Japan, Israel, and other collectivist cultures. |
| What are the primary emotions at birth? | contentment, interest, and distress. At 6 months expand joy, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger, and fear. |
| What are the secondary self conscious emotions? at what age does shame expand to? | secondary (self-conscious) emotions as a result of the development of self-awareness 18 to 24 months, they begin to exhibit envy, empathy, and embarrassment which expand at 30 to 36 months to include shame, guilt, and pride. |
| At what age do infants categorize facial expressions? | The research has also found that infants begin to categorize facial expressions of emotion at about 7 months of age, which means they are able to recognize the similarity of an emotion expression (e.g., happiness) on the faces of multiple models. |
| At 7 months infants show increased attention to what type of facial expressions? | at about 7 months to increased attention to fearful facial expressions. Fear bias is fearful expressions are unfamiliar to younger infants, which also helps explain why this bias declines at about 12 months of age when infants have had more exposure. |
| At what age do they show affective meaning of facial expressions? | between 10 and 18 months of age, infants show understanding of the affective meaning of facial expressions. For example, Reschke et al. (2017) used the violation-of-expectation paradigm |
| what are the Age-Related Changes in Positive and Negative Emotions? | negative emotions decrease over time from the early 20s to the mid-60s, while positive emotions remain stable or increase during this period. emotions are affected by health status |
| what is the positivity effect in older adults? | which is the tendency of older adults to prefer, attend to, and remember more positive information than younger adults do. |
| The self-conscious emotions include shame and guilt, what does research say about them? | recalling both guilt and shame-eliciting events induced the motivation to change the self, but stronger for shame. shame more likely to induce the motiv to distance from the event. guilt was more likely to induce the motivation to apologize/ repair. |
| What does instrumental aggression look like? | Instrumental aggression is also referred to as proactive aggression, and its function is to fulfill a need or desire (e.g., to get attention or obtain a desired object |
| When does verbal and relational aggression increase? | Instrumental aggression is also referred to as proactive aggression, and its function is to fulfill a need or desire (e.g., to get attention or obtain a desired object |
| coercive family interaction model says what about child learning aggressive behaviors, and how does it escalate?Parent Management Training – Oregon Model (PMTO) to help stop the coercive family cycl | coercive family interaction model proposes (a) parents learn they can, stop their children’s misbehavior w threats and phy punishment; (b) children learn agg behs from parents and ignoring them or temper tantrum; and (c) interactions escalate over time. |
| social information processing model describes what and how many steps? | social information processing model describes a person’s response to provocation. 6 steps Encoding of cues, Interpretation of cues, Clarification of goals, Response search, Response decision, Behavioral enactment |
| What did the task force fin out about violent video games? | the greater the exposure to violent videogames, the higher the level of aggression and that the relationship between violent videogames (e.g., antisocial personality traits, parental conflict, child and parent depression) 10 and older. |
| What is nonsocial play? | Nonsocial play includes unoccupied play in which the child engages in aimless movements/ activities, solitary play -child plays alone, and onlooker play in which the child watches other children play and talks to them but doesn’t participate. |
| What does social play include? | parallel play in which the child plays next to other children and shares toys but doesn’t interact w them, associative play child interacts with others w/out shared goals, and cooperative play child interacts with other children to achieve a common goal. |
| What is gender segregation? at what age does it occur? | children choose playmates of the same gender and has been attributed to a combination of biological, cognitive, cultural factors. children begin to prefer same-sex playmates between 2 - 3 years of age, with girls showing this preference earlier. |
| What is the most common type of maltreatment? | Neglect |
| What age is most likely to have maltreatment? | younger children have higher rates of maltreatment: For all ages between birth and 17, the rate of victimization is highest for those below 1 year of age |
| What family structure is at highest risk for maltreatment? | single-parent or a step/cohabiting family are at higher risk for maltreatment than are children living with two biological or adoptive parents |
| Is there a link between depression, obesity and maltreatment? | depression may mediate the link between childhood maltreatment and adult obesity, with childhood maltreatment leading to depression for some adults which, in turn, increases the risk for obesity in those adults |
| What are the short term effects of childhood sexual abuse? | females being more likely to exhibit depression and other internalizing behs. Males being more likely to exhibit conduct problems, aggression, and other externalizing behaviors. |
| Has research confirmed betrayal trauma theory ? | Yes. child sexual abuse perpetrated by a family member or other person who is close to the child is associated with worse mental health outcomes than is abuse perpetrated by a less familiar or unknown individual. |
| What factors are associated with severe outcomes for childhood sexual abuse? | severe outcomes being associated with abuse that occurs over a long period of time, involves force, and includes some form of penetration |
| Name 2 Empirically supported therapies for child maltreatment. | parent-child interaction therapy and trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy. |
| What are the two phases of PCIT? | child-directed interaction phase, the focus is on helping parents establish non-coercive, non-violent relationships, strengthen the bond. parent-directed interaction phase-teaching parents to give clear instructions, appropriate consequences for behaviors |
| What are some of the strategies of TF-CBT? | incorporates a variety of strategies including psychoeducation, parenting skills training, relaxation techniques, affect regulation and expression techniques, in vivo exposure, and cognitive coping techniques. |
| How does maternal income impact 2 parent upper class kids? | Maternal employment was associated with small positive effects on the behavior and academic achievement of children from single-parent or low-income families but with small negative effects on kids from 2-parent middle/upper-income families. |
| Does high quality daycare increase or decrease behavioral problems? | high-quality daycare may increase behavioral problems but improve performance on measures of cognitive and language skills and some social skills ( |
| is Cultural socialization linked to more positive or negative outcomes for kids? | positive outcomes for children and adolescents, including the development of a positive self-concept and ethnic/racial ethnic identity, higher academic achievement and motivation, and fewer externalizing and internalizing behavior problems |
| Can teacher expectations impact students? | teachers’ expectations about student achievement can have a self-fulfilling prophecy effect |
| What has been found in terms of stereotypes of male nd female teachers? | from elementary through graduate school, the ways that male and female teachers interact with male and female students reflect gender stereotypes.Calling on males more often/feedback |
| Johnson’s Typology: what are the four types of IPV? | Intimate terrorism, Mutual Violent Control, Violent Resistance, Situation Couple Violence. Situational most common, |
| Which type of IPV most often takes the form of Walker’s cycle of violence? | Intimate terrorism is most often perpetrated in heterosexual couples by the male partner who uses violence to control female partner. physical violence may accompany making threats, exerting economic control, inflicting sexual and emotional abuse |
| Which type of Johnson's IPV is most common? | situationally provoked (e.g., an argument escalates to verbal /or physical aggression). It may involve a desire to control the situation but not a more general desire to control the relationship. Johnson found this to be the most common type of IPV. |
| Which of Johnsons IPV is least common and has both partner's as perpetrators? | Mutual violent control is perpetrated by both partners for the purpose of gaining control over their relationship. Johnson’s research found this to be the least common |
| What are the 3 phases of Walker's cycle of violence? | tension building phase, hostility-tension betwn partners escalates .Increasing tension leads to the acute battering incident, abuser verbal- intense rage /or physically attacks victim. loving contrition phase aka honeymoon . Abuser remorse, loving/kind |
| What phase of walker's cycle of violence does the abuser express remorse'; | loving contrition phase is also referred to as the honeymoon phase. During this phase, the abuser expresses remorse, is loving and kind, and tries to convince his partner the abuse will not happen again. |
| What are some of the negative consequences of custodial grandparents? | higher levels of stress, depression, anxiety, insomnia, chronic health problems than do traditional grandparents. They neglect of their own psychological, physical health, financial difficulties, social isolation, conflicts w bio parents/family members |
| What are the effects of helicopter parenting on the adjustment of emerging adults? | college students- increased symptoms of depression/substance use, decreased competence in friendships/romantic relationships. Poor emotional functioning, decision-making, and academic functioning in their sample of individuals, ages 17 to 25. |
| What are common behavioral and psych concerns of adopted children, despite having parents w higher income/education? | more likely to have had their parents contacted by the school for schoolwork/class behavior problems. physical and psychological health conditions, with ADHD being most common-specific learning disability, speech impairment, and developmental delay. |
| Who has a better transition to parenthood; biological or adoptive parents? | Adoptive parents in their study reported less marital and parenting stress, a smaller decrease in marital satisfaction, and a more stable pattern of relationship quality. |
| What two factors can lessen the stress to parenthood? | 1.availability of support from family members/friends. 2. parents share parenting responsibilities, with greater declines in relationship satisfaction (especially for women) being associated with greater disparities in responsibilities. |
| Who has the lowest scores on life satisfaction across marital statuses? | divorced and separated men and women had the lowest average scores. |
| Is premarital sex with multiple partners a stronger or weaker predictor of divorce? | Premarital sex with partners other than an eventual spouse is a strong predictor of divorce for both men and women, with an increasing number of partners being associated with an increasing risk for divorce. |
| How does sex premarital partner impact marital status- re: marital happiness? | Men and women who had only one premarital sex partner have higher levels of marital happiness than those who had two or more partners. ^ number of premarital sex partners is associated with only modest increases in the negative effect on happiness |
| How does Cohabitation before marriage impact divorce in the first year in terms of divorce? | that living together before marriage is associated with a decreased likelihood for divorce during the first year of marriage but with an increased likelihood for divorce in subsequent years |
| Who is a bigger problem for Girls, stepmothers or stepfathers? | Girls living w stepfathers are more likely to avoid-be hostile toward stepfather. increased risk for academic/behavioral problems. Girls living with stepmothers have even more problems than stepF. Stepmo as threat to relationships w both parents |
| How do boys adjust to step mother or fathers? | boys living w stepfathers often benefit from having stepfathers: self-concept, academic achievement, and adjustment, especially when relationships with stepfathers as being close and supportive. view stepmothers as an additional support |
| What age range has the most problems for adjusting to step parents? | pre- and early adolescence (approximately 9 to 15 years of age) are associated with the most problems. They are also dealing with issues related to identity and sexuality and other normal problems of adolescence |
| Marital conflict says what about the adjustment of of high conflict on kids? | children from highly conflictual intact families are more poorly adjusted than children from low-conflict divorced families |
| What did early research say about consequences of divorce on children by gender? | early studies found that boys experienced more negative short- and long-term effects than girls. |
| What is the sleeper effect on girls who parents divorce? | Girls also experience negative effects immediately after a divorce. Exhibit internalizing behrs. a “sleeper effect”: Girls who were in preschool or elem school may experience few problems initially. as teens noncompliant, low self-esteem,emo problems. |
| What are some later sleeper outcomes for girls coping with after effects of parents divorce as they age? | become pregnant before marriage, marry young, and worry excessively about abandonment and betrayal in romantic relationship |
| What age of children of more problems inf the short term- due to divorce? | regard to age, preschool children often have the most negative outcomes, especially in the short-run. However, long-term consequences may be worse for children who are older |
| Who has the worst outcomes in a divorce? | following divorce, the economic well-being of women and their children declines, men often hav improved financials. Men, health problems are more often due to a greater tendency to engage in risky health behaviors postdivorce;increased stress, isolation |
| Who factor is the greatest predictor of divorce? | age at time of marriage is one of the best predictors of divorce. Risk decreasing as the age at time of marriage increases. Risk for divorce is greater among members of lower SES groups, couple had a child before marriage, had a previous marriage. |
| What personality factor and concerns put individuals at greater risk of divorce? | elevated risk for divorce has been linked: individuals who report having one or more psychiatric disorders before or during marriage are more likely to divorce. high levels of neuroticism |
| Which of the 4 horseman is the greatest predictor of divorce? | include criticism, contempt, defensiveness, and stonewalling. .Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse and found that contempt is the single best predictor of divorce. |
| What pattern is associated with early divorce in a marriage? A attack-defend or avoidant style? | emotionally volatile (attack-defend) pattern is characterized by frequent arguments that are followed by making-up and is associated with divorce early in the marriage. |
| What pattern is associated with later divorce in a marriage? A attack-defend or avoidant style? | The emotionally inexpressive (avoidant) pattern is characterized by the avoidance of conflict and is associated with divorce later in the marriage. Couples exhibiting this pattern avoid self-disclosure and expressing their emotions. |
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