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Psychology
Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Psychology | Science of behavior |
| Behavior | objectively observable data |
| Objective Behavior | unbiased |
| Behavior Observable | not informed |
| 5 types of Psychologists | Developmental, Experimental, Personality, Clinical/Counseling, Industrial/Organizational |
| Developmental Psychology | study of human mental and physical growth from conception to death. How behavior changes due to life |
| Experimental Psychology | conduct research on basic psych process |
| Personality Psychology | study of the behavioral differences among individuals |
| Clinical Psychology | interested primarily in diagnosis, cause, and treatment of psychological disorders |
| Counselling Psychology | concerned primarily with normal problems of adjustments in life |
| Industrial/Organizational Psychology | Psychology applied to the workforce |
| What are the Reoccurring issues in Psychology | Nature vs Nurture, Dualism vs Monism, Free-will vs. Determinism |
| Nature Psychology | idea behaviors are not learned but inherited by genetics |
| Nurture Psychology | idea we behave how we do from experience because behavior is learned |
| Dualism | idea the world consists of 2 parallels realities (mind/brain and body/spirit) |
| Monism | idea only one plane of reality exists (Physical realm) |
| Free-Will | ability for someone to behave as he/she wishes independents of outside influences( you are responsible for your actions) |
| Determinism | idea every effect has a cause |
| important because of dualism | Plato |
| Argued soul was not independents of body- first step of monism | Aristotle |
| used Deductive and Inductive logic research and had early stages of hypothesis testing | Bacon |
| Last great Dualist, Linked Body and soul | Descartes |
| to collect knowledge through the senses (dont believe until seen) | Empiricism |
| argued preconceived ideas do not exist | Locke |
| Believed impressions were innate, 1st to try apply natural science approach to study of behavior | Hume |
| Studied animal learning | Morgan |
| Lloyd Morgan's Canon | do not attribute higher psychological faculties to organisms if their behavior can be explained by lower psyc faculties |
| First to be referred to as psychologist, Studied introspection | Wundt |
| used structuralism | Titchener |
| Structuralism | idea that conscious can be reduced to small units |
| Used Functionalism | James |
| known for phrase Stream of Consciousness | James |
| Functionalism | response to structuralism, concerned with ongoing use of conscious experience |
| Studied animals escaping puzzles | Thorndike |
| Thorndike's Law of Effect | behaviors that are followed by satisfying state of affairs will be more likely to recur in the same situation behaviors that are followed by a dissatisfying state of affairs will be less likely to occur in future. |
| Used Behaviorism, First American Psychologist | Watson |
| Behaviorism | Psychology needs to operate like other natural science and study observable behavior (no more locking person in closet) |
| Stimulus | Response Psychology |
| Watson believed humans have what 3 basic emotions | Love, Fear, Rage |
| Modified Thorndike's Law of Effect, developed methodology | Skinner |
| Steps of Scientific Method | Theory, Hypothesis, Test, Interpret, Results, Theory |
| Theory | general idea about how something works |
| Descriptive Theory | describe what's already known |
| Prescriptive Theory | What should be, Predictions |
| Hypothesis | Testable prediction or educated guess, needs to be able to be disproven, needs to be testable by anyone |
| Science is about | Disproving |
| Operational Definition | define a concept in the way in the way it will be measured, must require no further explanation, |
| Test | Naturalistic observation, Case Studies, Surveys, Correlation Research, Experimental Research |
| Naturalistic Observation | going out to nature to observe what is happening |
| Case Studies | Study of single person or unit across time |
| Surveys | administering questionnaires or interviews to selected group of people |
| Correlation Research | Measuring naturally occuring relationships between 2 variables |
| Pearson r | used to correlate association between any 2 variables |
| Pearson r ranges from | -1 to 1 |
| Pearson r Sign | describes direction of relationship |
| The signs both positive | 2 variables move directly together, one bigger then other bigger |
| The signs both negative | 2 variables inversely related, one bigger then other smaller |
| Pearson r Number | describes strength of relationships |
| Number closer to 1 | stronger it is |
| Experiment | hold everything constant except 1 thing, if measures change then it was caused by that variable |
| Independent Variable | one that changes, variable of interest |
| Dependent Variable | what your measuring, behavior |
| Control Variable | everything else, cant vary otherwise messes up IV |
| Reliability | are results repeatable |
| Validity | are results accurate |
| Internal Validity | how many alternate explanations are there for the result |
| Few explanations | high validity |
| External Validity | will results generalize to different people or situations |
| Mind | a persons understanding of things and also his conscience, a persons thought process |
| Brain | center of the nervous system, coordinates the movements, thoughts, and feelings |
| Introspection | controlled self-observation of one's own metal and emotional processes |
| women who completed all requirements for a psychology degree but harvard refused to award her with the diploma | M. Calkins |
| studied a form of learning called a condition reflex | I.P. Pavlov |
| If a person says that s/he is an empiricist, this means that s/he | gains knowledge through the senses. |
| Functionalists were concerned with | studying behavior in the context in which it occurred. |
| Bill goes to a party. He drinks too much alcohol and gets sick. According to Thorndike's Law of Effect, the next time Bill goes to a party | he is less likely to drink alcohol. |
| Which of the following psychologists suggested that psychology should study only observable behavior? | John B. Watson |
| Judy believes that intelligence runs in families. Judy is favoring ___ over____ . | nature, nurture |
| If one believes in free will, which of the following could ever potentially be a cause of a person's behavior? | none of the above (because free will requires the absence of causal factors) |
| Which of the following psychologists conditioned “Little Albert” and later went on to revolutionize the advertising industry? | John B. Watson |
| Wundt and Titchener were both associated with which of the following viewpoints in psychology? | Structuralism |
| Much information about “psychology” was actually gathered before the field of psychology officially existed. Most of this information came from which field? | Physiology |
| Perhaps the largest proponent of Functionalism in psychology was | W. James |
| Plato and Descarte had which of the following in common? | They can both be considered Dualists |
| Psychology is considered a science because | of the methods used by psychologists |
| The idea that psychologists should study behavior and consciousness as it occurs in the natural environment was a tenant of which of the following schools of thought? | Functionalism |
| The paired-associates method of memory was developed by which of the following psychologists? | M. Calkins |
| Which of the following is a research method that involves systematically altering one or more variables in order to determine whether changing those variables causes a change in behavior? | an experiment |
| Why would one choose to conduct an experiment rather than use the correlational method? | experiments are the only way to determine cause and effect |
| Surveillance cameras that record the behavior of people who do not know that they are being observed would be an example of | naturalistic observation |
| The selection technique aimed at preventing systematic biases between the different groups involved in a research project is called | random assignment |
| A researcher is interested in determining if people will turn off their alarm clocks more quickly if the alarm is loud or if it is soft. In this example, what is the independent variable? | loudness of the alarm |
| Which of the following research methods involves the use of observations, interviews, and (often) psychological testing of/with a single person over a period of time? | a case study |
| You are a C student. You take four exams in a course and receive the grade of A on two exams and the grade of F on the other two exams. Therefore, you end up receiving a C in the course. In terms of your ability in the course, the tests are | valid but not reliable |
| Psychology is the science of behavior. Because it is, that means that the ______ in an experiment must always be a behavior. | Dependent variable |
| Carla believes that people are good and will always help their neighbors if they are given a chance to do so. Carla has a(n) | Theory |
| Carla believes that people are good and will always help their neighbors if they are given a chance to do so. Carla has a(n) | Theory |
| If someone calls themselves a “scientist,” it means that | the person employs the scientific method. |
| the point of science is to | disprove hypothesis and theories |
| A television station conducts a survey that indicates that 75% of respondents would vote to reelect the President. The station therefore predicts that the President will win the election. In other words, the station is claiming that their survey is | high in external validity. |
| One disadvantage of conducting naturalistic observation is that | people often behave differently when they know that they are being observed |
| Which type of test provides the most valid data? | Which test is the “most” valid will depend on the type of prediction you are testing |
| Neuron | main part of nervous system |
| 3 parts of neurons | Dendrites, Soma, Axons |
| Dendrites | receive messages from other cells |
| Soma | Cell body, cell support center, contains nucleus and components to build neurotransmitters |
| Central nervous system | White and gray matter, spinal cord and brain, sensory + motor nerve |
| Peripheral nervous system | everything but brain/spinal, Somatic and Autonomic neurons |
| Synapse | lets neurons pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or to the target effector cell. Location of transmission |
| Neutral Impulse | electrical signal traveling down axon |
| Myelin Sheath | covers axon of some neurons and helps speed up reactions |
| Action Potential | releases neurotransmitters into synapse |
| Neurotransmitter | chemical that info is passed between neurons |
| Somatic Neurons | controls voluntary movement |
| Parasympathetic neurons | calm, readies the body for restoration of energy |
| Medulla Oblongata | controls the functions you don’t think about |
| Cerebellum | helps to coordinate muscle movement, bottom of head |
| Thalamus | sensory relay center, all sensory (except smell) go through here, between temporal lobes |
| Hypothalamus | controls feeding, fleeing, fighting, mating, blow thalamus in-between temporal lobes |
| Amygdala | involved in emotion, primary in the display of aggression, next to pons on brain stem |
| Hippocampus | Spatial orientation, learning processes, creates memories, between mid-brain and stem |
| Parietal Lobe | Somatosensory cortex (touch), senses touch, muscle movement, body orientation, back top of head |
| Temporal Lobe | Auditory cortex, language (left) and Music (right), ear spot on head |
| Occipital Lobe | Visual Cortex, Back of head above cerebellum |
| Parietal Lobe | Somatosensory cortex (touch), senses touch, muscle movement, body orientation, back top of head |
| Frontal Lobe | higher-order function, problem-solving, motor cortex, Forehead Region of head |
| Neck up brains controls | Same side |
| Neck down brain controls | opposite side |
| Broca's Area | Controls syntax and grammar |
| Wernicke's Area | Controls semantics |
| Limbic System | formation of memories, gathers and filters information and stimuli from our environment and responds to this information, both sides of the thalamus in mid brain |
| Corpus Callosum | Connecter of hemispheres, not necessary, between outer brain and mid brain |
| What is it called when the charge within the axon is more positive than the charge outside the axon? | Action Potential |
| What brain structure regulates posture, muscle tone, and allows us to coordinate our motor movements? | Cerebellum |
| The thalamus has incoming sensory information from all senses except | Smell |
| This brain structure is responsible for feeding, fleeing, fighting, and mating. It also controls the pituitary gland. What is this structure called? | Hypothalamus |
| What brain structure controls our heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing? | Medulla Oblongata |
| The amygdala and the hippocampus are both part of the | Limbic System |
| Which lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for audition? | Temporal Lobe |
| The place where touch, pressure, temperature, and pain register in our brain is called the somatosensory cortex. This cortex is located in which lobe of the brain? | Parietal |
| Damage to the left occipital lobe will cause a sensory deficit | in the right visual field |
| Joey trips and falls. When he awakens, doctors notice that he has lost higher cognitive functioning. Joey has probably sustained damage to what lobe | frontal lobe |
| What happens when the corpus callosum is severed? | The two hemispheres of the brain cannot communicate. |
| Music is processed in | the right temporal lobe |
| The space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another is called the | synapse |
| Human beings have ___nervous systems. | two |
| The primary motor cortex is found in which lobe of the brain? | frontal |
| Neurons communicate to each other by | secreting and receiving neurotransmitters |
| Sensation | info your body receives from external environment |
| Perception | How your body interprets information |
| Cornea | Hard outer covering, serves to protect eye, no role in visual processing |
| Iris | Muscle that controls the size of pupil, Colored part of our eyes |
| Lens | Focuses image from visual field onto the receptive field, inverts the image |
| Vitreous Humor | Viscous fluid that sustains pressure (what glasses help with) |
| Retina | Receptive field, contains 2 types of receptor cells Cones and Rods |
| Fovea | Point of central focus |
| Cones | 10% of Retinal Cells, color vision, details, mainly in fovea |
| Rods | 90% of Retinal cells, sense of movement, dark adaptation |
| Blind Spot | Point of entry of the optic nerve on the retina, insensitive to light |
| Where does Vision info go | to the thalamus then the occipital lobe |
| Pinna | Outer Ear helps to localize sound |
| Auditory Canal | transfers vibrations from environment to eardrum |
| Ear drum | Taut Membrane that vibrates when struck by particles |
| Cochlea | Snail-Shaped organ filled with fluid, has hair cells, |
| Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup | small bones that transfer vibrations from eardrum to cochlea |
| Where does Auditory info go | to the thalamus and then the temporal lobe |
| 4 types of taste | Sweet, Sour, Salty, and Bitter |
| Papillae | Bumps on tongue known as tastebuds |
| Flavor | consists of other sensations, taste doesn’t equal flavor |
| Color Afterimage | an optical illusion that refers to an image continuing to appear after exposure to the original image has ceased. |
| The intensity of an olfactory stimulus is determined by what | The number of receptors that fire at the same time |
| The theory that one perceives objects and patterns as whole units and not independent sensations is the trademark of | gestalt psychologists. |
| The fovea is made up of | Mainly cones |
| What allows us to see in dim light? | Rods |
| The image in our visual field is inverted by which of the following? | lens |
| This structure is involved in audition. It contains fluid. It also contains sensory receptors that, when vibrations occur, produce the sensation of sound. This structure is called the | Cochlea |
| What is the purpose of the pinna? | Sound localization |
| Color afterimages can be best explained by what | opponent processes |
| The bumps on your tongue that contain your taste buds are called | Papillae |
| The blind spot in your retina is there because | that is where the optic nerve leaves the eye. |
| The amount of light that enters the eye is controlled by the | iris |
| Humans have approximately____ taste buds. | 10,000 |
| The tendency to group objects that are close together as being members of the same group is known as | the law of proximity |
| Perception of movement is accomplished by what type of cells? | rods |
| Unlike the other senses, olfactory information does not go to the thalamus. Perception of olfaction takes place where? | frontal lobe |
| Your “sweet” receptors are primarily found on | the tip of your tongue |
| Where is Taste info sent | thalamus then to parietal lobe |
| Olfactory Receptors | responsible for smell of odors, cells are located in a mucous membrane at the top of the nose. |
| Gestalt Psychology | Think of things as a whole, instead of sum of parts |
| Laws of grouping | Formed by Gestalt Psychologists, preceptual organization rules |
| Constancy | tendency of animals and humans to see familiar objects as having standard shape, size, color, or location regardless of changes in the angle of perspective, distance, or lighting. |
| Opponent process theory | color is coded in opponent pairs |
| depth perception | Our ability to perceive spatial relationships in three-dimensional (3-D) space |
| Linear perspective | that we perceive depth when we see two parallel lines that seem to converge in an image |
Created by:
brkolstoe
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