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Child Psych Exam 1
PSY 110 Fall '23 KU
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is development? | A pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through the lifespan |
| While most development involves growth, it also includes... | decline |
| Name the a factor in improving the lives of children | Health and Well-Being; Parenting; Education; Sociocultural Contexts and Diversity; Resilience, Social Policy and Children's Development |
| Health and Well-Being | Lifestyles and psychological states promote health and well-being; clinical psychologists can help |
| Parenting | changing family patterns influence child development; providing a warm, supportive, safe, and stimulating environment allows them to reach their full potential |
| Education | there is a widespread agreement that education must be improved; questions are being asked regarding the role and function of school with regard to the individual child and in the context of society |
| Sociocultural Contexts and Diversity | culture (behavior+beliefs passed to next generations), ethnicity (heritage/nationality/race/religion/language); socioeconomic status (position in society based occupation, education, and finances), gender (central to identity and social relationships) |
| Resilience, Social Policy and Children's Development | some develop confidence despite negative stereotypes; influenced by intellectual functioning and family. social policy is influenced by national values, economic strength/weakness, and politics |
| What do biological processes produce? | Changes in an individual's physical brain (and body) |
| What do cognitive processes produce? | Changes in an individual's thought, intelligence, and language |
| What do socioemotional processes produce? | Changes in an individual's relationships, emotions, and personality |
| What does developmental cognitive neuroscience study? | Links between development, cognitive processes, and the brain |
| What does developmental social neuroscience study? | Links between development, socioemotional processes, and the brain |
| How long is the prenatal period? | Conception to birth |
| How long is the infancy period? | Birth to 18-24 mo |
| How long is the early childhood period? | 18-24 mo to 5-6 yr |
| How long is the middle and late childhood period? | 5-6 yr to 10-12 yr |
| How long is the adolescent period? | 10-12 yr to 18-22 yr |
| What are cohort effects? | Effects due to a person's time of birth, era, or generation; NOT DUE TO ACTUAL AGE (example: millenials) |
| What are issues in development? | QUESTIONS about child development that are unanswered; examples: nature vs nurture, continuity vs discontinuity, early vs later experiences; NO EXTREME POSITIONS SHOULD BE TAKEN |
| What is Nature vs Nurture? | relative importance of biological inheritance vs environmental influence on development |
| What is Continuity vs Discontinuity? | the extent to which development is gradual/cumulative change or occurs in distinct stages |
| What is Early vs Later Experience? | the degree to which early or later experiences are the key determinants of a child's development |
| What is the scientific method? | steps of contextualizing a problem, collecting data, drawing conclusions, and revising research conclusions and theory |
| What is a theory? | an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain and predict |
| What is a hypothesis? | Specific, testable assumption or prediction |
| What do psychoanalytic theories describe? | Development is primarily unconscious and heavily influenced by emotion |
| What is Frued's theory? | Id, ego, and superego are personality structures that interact through the 5 psychosexual stages of development |
| What is the id? | INSTINCT; psychic energy; unconscious; not connected to reality |
| What is the ego? | Executive branch; deals with reality demands; makes decisions using reasoning |
| What is the superego? | MORALITY; "conscience" |
| What are the five psychosexual stages and the ages that they occur? | Oral-birth to 1.5 yr Anal-1.5 to 3 yr Phallic-3 to 6 yr Latency-6 yr to puberty Genital-puberty and on |
| What is the first stage in Erikson's Psychosocial Theory and the ages it occurs in? | Trust vs Mistrust-first year |
| What is the second stage in Erikson's Psychosocial Theory and the ages it occurs in? | Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt-1 to 3 yr |
| What is the third stage in Erikson's Psychosocial Theory and the ages it occurs in? | Initiative vs Guilt-3 to 5 yr |
| What is the fourth stage in Erikson's Psychosocial Theory and the ages it occurs in? | Industry vs Inferiority-6 yr to puberty |
| What is the fifth stage in Erikson's Psychosocial Theory and the ages it occurs in? | Identity vs Identity Confusion-10 to 20 yr |
| What is the sixth stage in Erikson's Psychosocial Theory and the ages it occurs in? | Intimacy vs Isolation-20-40 yr |
| What is the seventh stage in Erikson's Psychosocial Theory and the ages it occurs in? | Generativity vs Stagnation-40 to 60 yr |
| What is the eigth stage in Erikson's Psychosocial Theory and the ages it occurs in? | Integrity vs Despair- 60+ |
| What are some contributions of psychoanalytical theories? | Recognition of the importance of early experiences, family relationships, personality, and the mind |
| What are some criticisms of psychoanalytical theories? | Lack of testability, unreliable data, overemphasis on sexuality and unconsciousness, overly negative and culture/gender biased views |
| What do cognitive theories describe? | Conscious thought |
| What is Piaget's cognitive development theory? | children actively construct their understanding of the world in four stages |
| What is the sensorimotor stage? | 1st stage in Piaget; birth to 2 yr; understand world by coordination sensory experiences with physical actions |
| What is the preoperational stage? | 2nd stage in Piaget; 2 to 7 yr; represent world with words and images |
| What is the concreate operational stage? | 3rd stage in Piaget; 7 to 11 yr; reason logically about concrete events and classify objects |
| What is the formal operational stage? | 4th stage in Piaget; 11 yr to adulthood; reasoning is more abstract, idealistic, and logical |
| What is Vgostky's sociocultural cognitive theory? | culture and social interaction guide and are inseparable from cognitive development |
| What is the informational processing theory? | individuals manipulate, monitor, and strategize about info in a manner similar to a computer's hardware and software |
| What are some contributions of cognitive theories? | the theories present detailed view of individuals that is positive and active in development and/or underscores developmental changes in thinking |
| What are some criticisms of cognitive theories? | Piaget's stages are not uniform; not enough attention to individual differences; the info-processing theory does not describe developmental changes in cognition |
| What do behavioral and social cognitive theories describe? | development is observable behavior that can be learned through experience with the environment |
| What is Pavlov's classical conditioning? | A neutral stimulus acquires the ability to create a response originally produced by another stimulus |
| What is Skinner's operant cooling? | consequences (reward or punishment) to behavior can be manipulated to induce a desired response |
| What is social cognitive theory (Bandura)? | behavior, cognition and environment are key to development; one imitates behavior that they cognitively identify with; behavior influences environment, environment influences behavior |
| What are some contributions of social cognitive theories? | emphasis on scientific research, environmental determinants in behavior, inclusion of observational learning (Bandura), person/cognitive factors (Bandura) |
| What are some criticisms of social cognitive theories? | too little emphasis on cognition, too much attention to environment, too little attention to developmental changes, not much consideration for human spontaneity and creativity |
| What does the ethological theory describe? | behavior is strongly influenced by biology, tied to evolution, and therefore characterized by critical or sensitive periods |
| What are some contributions of ethological theory? | focus on biological and evolutionary bases for development, use of careful observations in naturalistic settings, and emphasis on sensitive periods in development |
| What are some criticisms of ethological theory? | critical and sensitive periods are rigid concepts, overly strong emphasis on biological basis, not enough focus on cognition, research is more applicable to animals than humans |
| What is Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory? | development reflects the influence of several environmental systems |
| What is the microsystem (bronfenbrenner ecological)? | where a child lives/spends a lot of time-family, peers, school, neighborhood, work |
| What is the mesosystem (bronfenbrenner ecological)? | relationships between the microsystem elements |
| What is the exosystem (bronfenbrenner ecological)? | links between social setting in which the individual does not take an active role and the individual's immediate context |
| What is the macrosystem (bronfenbrenner ecological)? | culture in which one lives; beliefs and value systems |
| What is the chronosystem (bronfenbrenner ecological)? | patterning of environmental events and transitions over lifespan; sociohistorical events included |
| What are some contributions of ecological theory? | systematic examination of micro and macro dimensions of environmental systems, connections between environmental systems, range of social contexts beyond family |
| What are some criticisms of ecological theory? | not enough attention to biological factors, not enough emphasis on cognitive factors |
| What is an eclectic theoretical orientation? | approach that does not follow any single theoretical approach but selects from whatever theory is considered best for it |
| What are some research methods for collecting data? | observation, survey, interview, standardized test, case study, physiological measures |
| What are some research designs? | Descriptive (observe and record behavior), Correlational (strength of relationship between 2+ var), Experimental (like science class), Time Span (relation between age and other vars; cross-sectional-diff ages, same time or longitudinal-same ppl over time) |
| What are some challenges to research? | Ethics (confidentiality, informed consent, debriefing, deception) and Bias (gender, cultural, ethnic) |
| What is natural selection? | Individuals that are best adapted are able to survive and pass their traits to the next generation |
| What is adaptive behavior? | Behavior that promotes one's survival |
| What is evolutionary psychology? | study that emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behavior; these behaviors are able to be passed to the next generation |
| What is evolutionary developmental psychology? | uses concepts of evolutionary psych to understand human development; extended childhood period promotes brain development, prepares children for adulthood in complex society; evolved psych mechanisms are domain-specific, not always adaptive to society |
| What is the bidirectional view of evolutionary developmental psychology? | environmental and biological conditions influence one another |
| What is a chromosome? | threadlike structures of DNA; humans have 23 pairs |
| What is DNA? | complex molecule w/ a double helix shape that contains genetic information |
| What is a gene? | short segment of DNA that is a blueprint for cell reproduction and/or protein synthesis; designated place on chromosome |
| What are proteins? | building blocks of cells |
| What are some projects involved in finding gene placement? | Human Genome Project; genome wide association, linkage analysis, next-generation sequencing, Thousand Genomes Project |
| What is mitosis? | the process in which a cell's chromosomes duplicates and the cell divides (each cell has 46 chromosomes) |
| What is meiosis? | the process in which a cell's chromosomes duplicates and the cell divides twice into gametes (each cell has 23 chromosomes); only in sex cells; every gamete is unique |
| What is fertilization? | the process in which the sperm penetrates the egg to form a zygote |
| What is a genotype? | genetic material |
| What is a phenotype? | observable characteristics influenced by genotype |
| What is the dominant-recessive genes principle? | the dominant gene of a pair influences phenotype; includes widow's peak, blood type |
| What are sex-linked genes? | genes linked to X or Y chromosome; most common is x-linked inheritance, which affects males more often since males only have one X chromosome |
| What is genetic imprinting? | the process by which one chromosome in a pair is silenced |
| What is polygenetic inheritance? | many genes influence characteristics; includes hair, eye, skin color |
| What is a chromosomal abnormality? | when a gamete (sperm or egg) does not have a normal set of 23 chromosomes. Example: down syndrome-extra copy of chromosome 21; results in specific physical characteristics and intellectual disabilities |
| What is a sex-linked chromosomal abnormality? | extra or missing sex chromosome |
| What is Klinefelter syndrome? | XXY; underdeveloped testes, enlarged breasts, less height |
| What is Fragile X syndrome? | abnormality of X chromosome; intellectual difficulties; more common in males |
| What is Turner syndrome? | females missing a part of or an entire X chromosome; learning disabilities and possible infertility |
| What is XYY syndrome? | males w/ extra Y chromosome; can cause above avg height |
| What are gene-linked abnormalities? | abnormalities produced by harmful genes |
| What is phenylketonuria? | individual cannot metabolize phenylalanine (amino acid); untreated, phenylalanine can build up and result in intellectual disorders and hyperactivity |
| What is sickle cell anemia? | shape of red blood cells is crescent, not round; cannot carry oxygen efficiently, meaning cells don't receive enough |
| What are some prenatal diagnostics tests? | ultrasound (image of fetus), fetal MRI (more detailed image than ultrasound), chorionic villus sampling, amniocentesis, maternal blood screening (this and previous 2 test for any issues for fetus), fetal sex determination |
| What is infertility and what are some solutions? | inability to conceive after 12 mo of intercourse w/o contraception; IVF and adoption |
| What is behavior genetics? | discover influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development; nature vs nurture |
| What is a twin study? | helps w/ behavior genetics; identical vs fraternal twins, split up identical twins |
| What is an adoption study? | helps w/ behavior genetics; discover whether behavior and psychological characteristics or adopted children match their biological (heredity) or adoptive parents (environmental) |
| What are passive genotype-environment correlations? | bio parents provide rearing environment for child |
| What are evocative genotype-environment correlations? | genetic foundations elicit social and physical influences from environment (agreeable children get more + attention) |
| What are active genotype-environment correlations? | children seek environments that are compatible and stimulating; find environment suited to their genetically influenced abilities |
| What is the epigenetic view? | development reflects an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment |
| What is gene x environment (GxE) interaction? | interaction between a specific measured variation in DNA and specific measured aspect of environment |
| How long is the prenatal period and what are its three stages | ~266 days or 38 weeks from conception; germinal, embryonic, and fetal |
| How long is the germinal period and what happens in it? | Conception to two weeks after (ends at implantation); creation of zygote, cell division, and implantation |
| What is a blastocyst vs trophoblast? | germinal period; cluster of cells that is form by cell division a week after conception blastocyst-inner layer; later becomes embryo trophoblast-outer layer; nutrition and support |
| When does implantation (germinal period) occur? | 10 to 14 days after conception; zygote attaches to uterine wall; ends germinal period |
| How long is the embryonic period and what happens in it? | week 2 to week 8; cell differentiation, support systems for cells formed, organs develop |
| What is the endoderm? | inner layer of cells in embryo; becomes digestive and respiratory systems |
| What is the mesoderm? | middle layer of cells in embryo; becomes circulatory, skeletory, muscular, excretory, and reproductive systems |
| What is the ectoderm? | outer layer of cells in embryo; becomes nervous system, brain, sensory receptors, and skin parts |
| What is the amnion? | formed in embryonic period; liquid in which embryo floats; maintains temp and is shockproof (protection) |
| What is the placenta? | formed in embryonic period; disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood cells of mother and embryo intertwine but do not join |
| What is the umbilical cord? | formed in embryonic period; two arteries and one vein; connect embryo to placenta |
| What is organogenesis? | occurs during embryonic period; process by which organs form; very vulnerable to environment |
| How long is the fetal period and what happens in it? | week 8 to birth; dramatic growth and development (generally nothing new) |
| What is the neural tube and when does it develop? | long hollow tube; first to develop in nervous system; failure to close can result in anencephaly and spina bifida |
| What is neurogenesis and when does it occur? | many new immature neurons are made; begins in 5th week and continues during entire prenatal period |
| What is neural migration and when does it occur? | cells move to appropriate locations, creating basic structure of brain; week 6 through week 24 |
| What is neural connectivity and when does it occur? | connections between neurons are made; begins at week 23 and continues after birth |
| How much weight should a mother gain during pregnancy? | 25-35 lb gain is associated with the best outcomes; pattern is important |
| What is recommended for exercise during pregnancy? | mothers should exercise, but not strenuously and with less bouncing (as associated with running) |
| Prenatal care is... | highly recommended; involves scheduled visits for medical care, services (educational, social, nutritional); negative outcomes can occur w/o it |
| What is a teratogen and what influences is effectiveness? | agent that can cause a birth defect and/or alter brain; dose, genetic susceptibility, and time/length of exposure |
| Prescription and nonprescription drugs can act as... | teratogens |
| How much caffeine should pregnant people consume? | should be consumed sparingly |
| What effects does alcohol have on pregnancy? | Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD); neurocognitive difficulties, learning problems, sometimes bodily malformations |
| What effects does nicotine have on pregnancy? | preterm birth, low birth weight, fetal and neonatal death, respiratory problems, SIDS |
| What effects does cocaine have on pregnancy? | various neurological and cognitive deficits |
| What effects does methamphetamine have on pregnancy? | infant mortality, low birth weight, developmental problems, behavioral problems |
| What effects does marijuana have on pregnancy? | low birth weight, deficits in memory and info processing |
| What effects does heroin have on pregnancy? | withdrawal symptoms at birth |
| What can be done about incompatible blood types? | The mother can receive a vaccine in the first three days after birth of first baby to decrease risk of mother antibodies attacking subsequent babies |
| Name some environmental hazards that can result in chromosomal abnormalities | toxins, radiation, chemical pollutants |
| Maternal diseases (rubella, syphilis, genital herpes, AIDS) are dangerous because they... | can cross the placental barrier or cause damage during birth |
| What other parental factors can affect prenatal and child development? | maternal diet/nutrition, paternal/maternal age, emotional stress, paternal exposure to environmental hazards/use of drugs |
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rainacc33
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