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Social Psychology
Everything you need to know to for Stage 2 - Psychology Social Psychology Topic
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Obedience | performing an action under the orders of an authority figure |
| Conformity | altering your behaviour to go along with the rest of the group |
| Compliance | changing your behaviour at the request of another person |
| Milgram Experiment (Explained) | To see how obedient participants would be in a situation where obeying orders would mean breaking their moral code and hurting an innocent person. |
| Zimbardo Experiment (Explained) | Philip Zimbardo conducted research at Stanford University in 1971 to explore the psychological effects of perceived power within the setting of a fake prison (basement of Stanford University psychology department). |
| Factors that influence obedience | Disposition Factors and Situational Factors |
| Main types of conformity | compliance, internalisation, identification |
| NORMATIVE SOCIAL INFLUENCE (NSI) | when a person conforms to be accepted or belong to a group. |
| INFORMATIONAL SOCIAL INFLUENCE (ISI) | when a person conforms to gain knowledge, or because they believe that someone else is ‘right.’ |
| ABC model of attitude | The most widely used theories of the structure of attitudes is the tricomponent or ABC model of attitudes. A: AFFECTIVE B: BEHAVIOURIAL C: COGNITIVE |
| Factors influencing attitude formation/change | Persuasion Three main theories, all of which overlap with each other: Yale Communication Approach Elaboration Likelihood Model Experience |
| Persuasion techniques | The Norm of Reciprocity, Door in the face, Foot in the door, |
| Bidirectional relationship | It has been found that there is bi-directional relationship between attitudes and behaviour, therefore attitudes can influence behaviour, and behaviour can influence attitudes. |
| Self-Preservation | refers to how people attempt to present themselves to control or shape how others (called the audience) view them. |
| Cognitive dissonance | Cognitive discomfort arising from holding two or more inconsistent attitudes, behaviours or cognitions. Simply, when the structure of the attitude is inconsistent. |
| Measuring attitudes | data collection strategies can be both objective and subjective Behaviour Counts Self-Reports IMPLICIT ASSOCIATION TEST (IAT) |
| Prejudice | a negative attitude (both cognitions and feelings) toward an individual based solely on someone’s membership in a particular social group. |
| Discrimination | an action toward an individual because they belong to a particular group. |
| Stereotype | a specific belief or assumption about individuals based solely on their membership in a group, regardless of their individual characteristics. |
| Strategies to change attitude and reduce prejudice | education programs in schools, can be reduced through direct contact between groups of people who have prejudicial attitudes towards each other. Working towards common goals can support knowledge and understanding between groups, |
| Ethical Concerns use of social media | Social media stakeholders criticised for using individual’s engagement to pre-determine which content will be released to entice on-going interaction and influence. Social media platforms poorly monitored. |
| Impression Management | Self-presentation is part of a broader set of behaviours called impression management which is a conscious attempt to control how others perceive them. This is often achieved by controlling all the information shared in any social interaction. |
| Compliance (Conformity) | Publicly, but not privately, going along with majority influence to gain approval. |
| Internalisation | Public and private acceptance of majority influence, through adoption of the majority group’s belief system. |
| Identification | Public and private acceptance of majority influence in order to gain group acceptance. |
| Differences between experimental designs and observational designs | An observational study observes the effect of a specific variable as it occurs naturally, without making any attempt to intervene. In an experiment, the researcher manipulates the situation and observes the effect in a more controlled setting. |
| Discrimination illegal | laws which prevent discrimination. |
| Reverse discrimination | the practice or policy of favouring individuals belonging to groups known to have been discriminated against previously, positive discrimination. |
| Social stigma and stereotype threat | Social stigma is therefore the term used to explain the disapproval of, or discrimination against, a person based on a stereotype that they may associate with or be associated with. |
| Disposition Factors | Internal factors and personal qualities of a person i.e., genetics, personality traits, intelligence, self-esteem levels etc. |
| Situational Factors | Elements in the environment that influence behaviour i.e. work, school, others around us etc. |
| Asch Conformity Experiment | Confederates say incorrect answers. True nature was to examine who would go with the group and get the answer wrong (conform), or say correct answer and appear deviant. |
| Milgram Experiment (Criticisms) | Psychological Distress, Right to Withdraw violated, Deception |
| Zimbardo Experiment (Criticisms) | heavily criticised for the lack of ethical protocols in place and the neglect of participant wellbeing. |
| Biases that can lead to prejudice | Conformation Bias Attribution Bias Gender Bias Conformity Bias |
| Door in face and foot in door persuasion techniques | DIF - Initial large request is rejected, following smaller request more likely to be accepted FID - Initial small request accepted, following larger requests more likely to be accepted |
| Types of Experience (Effects on Attitudes/Persuasion) | Direct Experience - happens to individual personally (Attitudes strong) Indirect Experience - Hearing others experience (Attitudes not as strong) |
| High-Self Monitors vs Low-Self Monitors | HSM - worry about self-image, behaviour around trying to control how they are presented to others, strategic use of social media for self validation LSM - fewer but closer friends, genuine, less use of social media |
| Primacy vs Recency Effect | PE - tendency to believe information presented first (first impressions) RE- more recent information more easily remembered. |
| Self Reporting to measure attitudes | Rating scale, Likert scale, interviews |
Created by:
PrismElite6
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