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ECE 1 Target/Stn 05a
ECE1-05a Theories of Human Development
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Theory | A system of beliefs about how or why something is, often researched or proven or generally accepted. |
| Developmental Milestones | Specific characteristics or abilities that are expected to emerge in children at a certain age. |
| Difficult Temperament | A disposition (personality) with harsh and negative reactions to new or frustrating situations. |
| *Behaviorist Theory (Skinner) | A theory that humans become shaped by the environment. Specifically, good outcomes encourage repeating behavior and a bad outcome extinguishes behavior. |
| Operant Conditioning | Training where desired behavior is immediately rewarded, causing the behavior to be repeated. |
| *Psychosocial Theory (Erikson) | A theory that humans learn new behaviors by imitating and interacting with the people around them. |
| *Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud) | A theory that emotional development is influenced by tensions between internal desires and impulses and the demand of the outside world. |
| Trust | Erickson's term for an emotional state where children feel secure and know that basic needs will be met by caregivers. |
| Autonomy | Erikson's term for an emotional state often acquired at toddler age when children strive to be independent and separate from parents. |
| Initiative | Erikson's term for an emotional state where a child asserts themselves, are creative and take risks.(opposite of guilt) |
| Industry | Erikson's term for when children feel competent because of successes in and out of school. (opposite of inferiority) |
| *Cognitive Development Theory(Piaget) | A theory that learning happens for children through active problem solving and social interaction and that language is needed for learning. |
| Assimilation | Piaget's term for learning that takes place when people integrate new knowledge into what they already know. |
| Accommodation | Piaget's term for a learning process where humans modify current knowledge to allow for new ideas or information |
| Cognitive Development | Mental & intellectual development including problem solving and acquiring knowledge. |
| Sociocultural Theory (Vygotsky) | thinking and learning are highly influenced by social interaction, language and culture |
| Scaffold | Using language and social interaction to guide children's thinking, using hints or questions to help them build knowledge. |
| Zone of Proximal Development | a skill, problem or task that is just above a child's ordinary ability that with help can become a skill |
| Risk Factors | conditions in a child's life that can lead to poor development, such as poverty, violence or abuse. |
| Protective Factors | conditions that might insulate children from that negative effects of risk factors, such as attachment to parents and positive preschool experiences. |
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