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Psychology 13
13 Health, Stress, and Coping
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Health Psychology | • Uses behavioural principles to prevent illness and death, and promote health |
| • Behavioural medicine | Applies psychology to manage medical problems (e.g., asthma and diabetes) |
| • Lifestyle diseases | Diseases related to health-damaging personal habits (e.g., strokes and lung cancer) |
| • Community health campaign | Community-wide education program that provides information about how to decrease risk factors and promote health |
| • Role model | Person who serves as a positive example of good and desirable behaviour |
| • Wellness | Focus on the positive state of good health and well-being; more than the absence of disease |
| General Adaptation Syndrome | • Series of bodily reactions to prolonged stress; occurs in 3 stages |
| 1. Alarm reaction | Body resources are mobilized to cope with added stress |
| 2. Stage of resistance | Body adjusts to stress but at a high physical cost; resistance to other stressors is lowered |
| 3. Stage of exhaustion | Body’s resources are drained, and stress hormones are depleted, possibly resulting in psychosomatic disease, loss of health, or complete collapse |
| • Stress | Mental and physical condition that occurs when a person must adjust or adapt to the environment |
| • Eustress | Stress experienced during good events, ie. marriage, birth of a child, etc. |
| • Stressor | Condition or event in environment that challenges or threatens the person |
| • Pressure | When a person must meet urgent external demands or expectations |
| Stress Management | • Use of cognitive behavioural strategies to reduce stress and improve coping skills |
| • Progressive muscle relaxation | Produces deep relaxation throughout the body by tightening all muscles in an area and then relaxing them |
| • Guided imagery | Visualizing images that are calming, relaxing, or beneficial in other ways |
| • Stress inoculation | Using positive coping statements internally to control fear and anxiety |
| • Coping statements | Reassuring, self-enhancing statements used to stop self-critical thinking |
| • Emotional signs | Anxiety, apathy, irritability, mental fatigue |
| • Behavioural signs | Avoidance of responsibilities and relationships, extreme or self-destructive behaviour, self-neglect, poor judgment |
| • Physical signs | Excessive worry about illness, frequent illness, overuse of medicines |
| Burnout | • Job-related condition (usually in helping professions) of physical, mental, and emotional exhaustion; has three aspects |
| • Primary appraisal | Deciding if a situation is relevant or irrelevant, positive or threatening |
| • Secondary appraisal | Assess resources and decide how to cope with a threat or challenge |
| • Aggression | Any response made with the intention of harming a person, animal, or object |
| • Displaced aggression | Redirecting aggression to a target other than the source of one’s frustration |
| • Scapegoating | Blaming a person or group for conditions they did not create; the scapegoat is a habitual target of displaced aggression |
| • Escape | May mean actually leaving a source of frustration (dropping out of school) or psychologically escaping (apathy) |
| • Conflict | Stressful condition that occurs when a person must choose between contradictory needs, desires, motives, or demands |
| • Approach-Approach conflicts | Having to choose between two desirable or positive alternatives (e.g., choosing between a new BMW or Mercedes) |
| • Avoidance-Avoidance conflicts | Being forced to choose between two negative or undesirable alternatives (e.g., choosing between going to the doctor for a diagnosis or ignoring the fact that one may actually have cancer). NOT choosing may be impossible or undesirable |
| • Approach-Avoidance conflicts | Being attracted (drawn to) and repelled by the same goal or activity; attraction keeps person in the situation, but negative aspects can cause distress |
| • Ambivalence | Mixed positive and negative feelings; central characteristic of approach-avoidance conflicts |
| Anxiety | • Feelings of tension, uneasiness, apprehension, worry, and vulnerability |
| • Defence mechanisms | psychological strategies that are unconsciously used to protect a person from anxiety arising from unacceptable thoughts or feelings. |
| • Projection | an individual attributes unwanted thoughts, feelings and motives onto another person. ie., you might hate someone, but since such hatred is unacceptable, you 'solve' the problem by believing that they hate you instead. |
| • Intellectualization | reasoning is used to remove oneself emotionally, from a stressful event where thinking is used to avoid feeling. ie. a person starts using jargon where the focus is on the words and finer definitions rather than the human emotions. |
| • Displacement | when you let out your anger and frustration about the negative feeling about someone and express them onto a safer target who is below you in rank or position |
| • Identification | identifying yourself with causes, groups, heroes, leaders, movie stars, organizations, religions, sports stars, or whatever you perceive as being good self |
| • Sublimation | the process of diverting your feelings about the negative self |
| • Compensation | the process of masking perceived negative self |
| • Denial | the subconscious or conscious process of blinding yourself to negative self |
| • Repression | involves keeping certain thoughts, feelings, or urges out of conscious awareness in order to prevent or minimize feelings of anxiety. |
| • Rationalization | justifying and excusing your mistakes with reasons that actually don’t make sense. ie. you rationalize that you do not want something that you did not get because “It was lousy, anyway.” |
| • Reaction formation | it is making up for negative self |
| • Regression | returning to thoughts, feelings, and behaviours of an earlier developmental stage, ie. you may be criticized as an adult and to escape this, you revert to acting like a vulnerable and helpless child, in order to gain help and support. |
| Learned Helplessness | • Acquired (learned) inability to overcome obstacles and avoid aversive stimuli; learned passivity |
| • Mind–body connection | The idea that our emotions and thoughts can affect how our body functions |
| • Hypochondriacs | Complain about diseases that appear to be imaginary |
| • Type A personality | Personality type with elevated risk of heart disease; characterized by time urgency and chronic anger or hostility |
| • Type B personality | All types other than Type As; unlikely to have a heart attack |
| Hardy Personality | • Personality type associated with superior stress resistance |
Created by:
Chloeombre
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