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Exam 1 Comparative
Learning, Memory, and Amnesia PSY 365
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does proximate analysis focus on? | Immediate cause |
| What does ultimate analysis focus on? | Evolutionary forces that have shaped a trait over time |
| Behavior can be defined as? | The coordinated responses of whole living organisms to stimuli |
| Natural selection is? | The process whereby traits that confer the highest relative reproductive, assess on their Bears, and our hair bill increases in frequency over generation |
| What kind of learning happens within an organisms lifetime? | Individual |
| Who are the big three of animal behavior? | Karl Von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz, Niko Tinbergen |
| What are the three major disciplines in animal behavior? | Comparative psychology, ethology, social biology/behavioral ecology |
| What is the proximate perspective? | How questions for individuals |
| Example questions for the proximate perspective? | How is that? What is that? |
| What is the ultimate perspective? | Why questions for population/species |
| Example question for ultimate perspective? | Why is that ? |
| Tinbergens four questions | How does it work? How did it develop? What is it for? How did it evolve? |
| How does it work is getting at what? | Causation |
| How did it develop is getting at what? | Development |
| What is it for is getting at what? | Function |
| How did evolve is getting at what? | Evolution |
| Which of Tinbergen questions are proximate? | Causation and development |
| Which of Tinbergen questions are ultimate? | Evolution and function |
| What are the ABCs of animal behavior? | Animal Behavior Causation Development Evolution Function |
| Causation ask what? | How does it work? What stimulus elicts the behavior? |
| Development asks what? | How did this behavior develop during this individuals lifetime? |
| What factors influence development of behavior? | Genes, environment, learning |
| Function asks what? | What is the current adaptive value of the behavior? |
| What are the three approaches to ethology? | Conceptual, theoretical, empirical |
| What is the conceptual approach to ethology? | Integrating, formally disparate and unconnected ideas and combining them in new, cohesive ways to make as necessary in the field |
| What is the empirical approach to ethology? | The gathering of data and drawing conclusion generating new, testable predictions |
| What is the theoretical approach to ethology? | The mathematical model of the world |
| What is direct fitness? | Fitness measured by the number of valuable offspring produce plus any effects that that individual might have on the direct descendants of its own offspring |
| What is indirect fitness? | Fitness measured by the increased reproductive success of an individual genetic relatives that are due to an individuals behavior |
| What is inclusive fitness? | The sum of an animal, direct and indirect fitness |
| What is artificial selection? | The process of humans deliberately choosing certain varieties of an organisms over others, by implementing breathing programs that favored one variety over another |
| What is natural selection? | The process whereby traits conferring the highest reproductive, success to their barriers, increase in frequency overtime |
| What is a phenotype? | Observable properties of an organism |
| What is a genotype? | Genetic make up of an organism |
| What are the three prerequisites to operate natural selection? | Variation in the trait Fitness consequences of the trait A mode of inheritance |
| What are the three characteristics of eusociality? | A reproductive division of labor (some cast reproduce and others don’t) Overlapping generations Communal care of young |
| What is a population? | A localized group of individuals, capable of inbreeding and producing fertile offspring |
| What is a large scale evolution? | Descendent of different species from a common ancestor over many generations |
| What is a small scale evolution? | Change in alleviating frequency within a population from one generation to a next |
| Is behavior of phenotype? | YES |
| What is a narrow sense heritability? | The poor portion of a phenotypic variance in a trait due to its genetic variance |
| List the evolutionary mechanisms (how evolution works) | Mutation Migration/gene flow (when individuals move between populations) Genetic drift Natural selection |
| Natural selection requires? | Individual variation, inheritance, over production, differential reproductive success |
| Define evolution | Descent with modification from a common ancestor |
| What are the sources of genetic variation? | Mutation, gene flow, recombination |
| Does natural selection act on phenotype or genotype? | Phenotype |
| Natural selection is NOT: | Perfect, purposeful, random |
| What is a negative frequency dependent selection? | Rare phenotypes are favored, increases genetic variants |
| What is a positive frequency dependent selection? | Common phenotypes are favored, decreases genetic variance |
| True or false: all change is adaptive? | False |
| What do cross fostering experiments do? | Determine genetics versus experience |
| What is phylogenetic? | The study of the evolutionary relationships are on organisms |
| What is the principles of parsimony? | The simplest explanation is the best |
| What is convergent evolution? | When two lineages evolve, similar characteristics independently often because of the similar environmental challenges and selective pressures |
| What are hormones? | Chemical secreted by specialized glands directly into the bloodstream |
| What are neurohormones? | Hormone secreted by neurons into the bloodstream |
| How are hormones transported? | Via the circulatory system |
| What could trigger hormonal release? | Fear, sexual maturation |
| What is a neural plasticity? | The bill of the brain in the nervous system to alter its structure and physiology to mediate both stability and changes in behavior |
| What are activational effects? | Short term effects often triggered by environmental cues that function in a feedback loop |
| What are organizational effects? | Long-term effects from development like in utero mice |
| What is behavior organized by? | The nervous system |
| What are the neurotransmitters? | Serotonin, GABA, dopamine |
| Serotonin | Feel good |
| Dopamine | Pleasure |
| GABA | Sleepiness |
| What is an example of neurons controlling behavior? | Moth-bat echolocation hunting |
| Endocrine versus nervous system | Endocrine = slow and chemical singles (hormones) Nervous= fast and nerve impulses, and neurotransmitters |
| How can genes influence behavior? | Single gene control, multiple gene influence, epigenetics, pleiotrophy |
| What is pleiotrophy? | One gene influences multiple, seemingly unrelated traits |
| What is epigenetic? | Heritable changes in a gene expression that occurred without changing the DNA sequence |
| Epigenetics involves | Influence of experience and environment |
| What is an example of epigenetic? | Rat mom and offspring stress |
| What is behavior rooted in? | Genes |
| What is the sensitive period? | The time window during development where individuals are more responsive to certain similar changes occur rapidly |
| Explain sociality in mole rats | Sociality allows them to spend less time energy on foraging and burrowing. Mole rats that love in areas with harder soil benefit from group living. |
| What is learning? | A relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience |
| What is individual learning? | Trial and error by the individual |
| What is social learning? | Learning by observing others |
| Cost and benefits of learning? | Cost= time and energy Benefits= change in phenotype within a lifetime |
| Cost and benefits of fixed genetic responses? | Cost= response to change occurs over generations Benefits= less time and energy |
| What is phenotype plasticity? | The building of an organism to produce different phenotypes, depending on environmental conditions |
| What are the types of learning? | Non-associative, associative, social |
| True or false: the building to learn is considered an adaptation | True |
| What is habituation? | Loss of response to a stimulus |
| What is sensitization? | Increased responsiveness to a stimulus |
| What does nonassociative learning include? | Habituation and sensitization |
| What does associative learning include? | Classical conditioning and operant conditioning |
| What is classical conditioning? | Stimulus and response |
| What is operant conditioning? | Response to reinforcer |
| What is an appetitive stimulus? | Any stimulus that is positive/ rewarding |
| What is an aversive stimulus? | Any anything with that is unpleasant |
| What is learnability? | Ability to learn under certain conditions |
| What are the three types of learnability? | Overshadowing, blocking, latent inhibition |
| What is an episodic memory? | Memory attracted to a certain experience |
| What is reforging? | Putting food where you can find it again |
| What do definitions of culture usually include? | Social learning |
| What is local enhancement? | The case in which individuals learn from others, not really as a result of observation, but rather because a model was in that location (once the observer is drawn to the area, the observer may learn on its own) |
| What is social facilitation? | The mirror presence of a model facilitates learning on the part of observer (safety in numbers) |
| What is tradition? | When a new preference emerges, and becomes common within a group |
| What is teaching? | The exclusion of benefits for the teacher themselves |
| Two types of teaching? | Opportunity (situational) teaching, and coaching |
| What is so special about social learning? | The speed at which occurs |
| What is vertical culture transmission? | The transmission of information across generations from parents to offspring |
| What is oblique culture transmission? | The transmission of information across generations, but not via parent/offspring |
| What is horizontal cultural transmission? | Individuals of the same age group |
| What are two types of inadvertent social learning? | Direct and indirect |
| What are two types of indirect social learning? | Enhancement and social facilitation |
| What are two types of direct social learning? | Observational conditioning and copying |
| What are two types of enhancement | Local and stimulus |
| What’s an example of stimulus enhancement? | Dog getting fence |
| What are types of copying? | Imitation Emulation Overimitation is imitation of actions that appear casually irrelevant |
| What is emulation? | Instead of copying form, copying outcome. Focus is on results, not actions taken to get results. |
| Explain teaching in ants. | They are not knowledgeable leaders that build native ants to food. They do it when taped tapped by native ants antennae. With tandem running it, low the leader ant down. The followers find food quicker than if it was on their own. |
| What is the criteria of teaching? | Are socially transmitted Expand in populations And last for generations |
| Transition versus culture | Some say multiple transitions, make up a culture |
| What is cumulative culture? | It’s the buildup of complexity in cultural behavior, over over generations, leading to cultural trace that “no one individual could have invented in their lifetime” |
| What could cultural of transmission be described as? | A second form of evolution |
Created by:
danimae44
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