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Ch. 7 Vocab
based on textbook
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| learning | the process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors |
| associative learning | learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning). |
| stimulus | any event or situation that evokes a response |
| respondent behavior | behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus |
| operant behavior | behavior that operates on the environment, producing a consequence |
| cognitive learning | the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language |
| classical conditioning | a type of learning in which we link two or more stimuli; as a result, to illustrate Pavlov's classic experiment, the first stimulus (a tone) comes to elicit behavior (drooling) in anticipation of a second stimulus (food). |
| behaviorism | the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2). |
| neutral stimulus (NS) | in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning |
| unconditioned response (UR) | In classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (such as food in the mouth). |
| unconditioned stimulus | in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers an unconditioned response (UR). |
| conditioned response (CR) | in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS) |
| conditioned stimulus (CS) | in classical conditioning, an originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR). |
| acquisition (classical conditioning) | the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response |
| acquisition (operant conditioning) | the strengthening of a reinforced response |
| Extinction (classical conditioning) | the diminishing of a conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus |
| Extinction (operant conditioning) | when a response is no longer reinforced |
| spontaneous recovery | the reappearance, after a pause, of a weakened conditioned response |
| The first step of classical conditioning, when an NS becomes a CS, is called ______________. When a US no longer follows the CS, and the CR becomes weakened, this is called ______________. | acquisition; extinction |
| generalization (classical conditioning) | also called stimulus generalization; the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses |
| generalization (operant conditioning) | also called stimulus generalization; when responses learned in one situation occur in other, similar situations |
| discrimination (classical conditioning) | the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus |
| discrimination (operant conditioning) | the ability to distinguish responses that are reinforced from similar responses that are not reinforced |
| Companies often pay to make their products visible in popular movies | such as when admired actors drink certain beverages. Based on classical conditioning principles, what might be an effect of this pairing? |
Created by:
ccons
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