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PSYC 331 exam 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anorexia nervosa age of onset | Often begins ages 14-20 |
| Anorexia nervosa medical consequences | Amenorrhea, death from heart arrythmias, kidney damage, dehydration, gray matter brain shrinkage, lanugo |
| Bulimia nervosa characteristics | Recurrent episodes of both eating in a discrete period of time, an amount of food larger than what most individuals would eat in a similar period of time, lack of control during episodes |
| Bulimia nervosa medical consequences | Electrolyte imbalances, hypokalemia, damage of hands/throat/teeth |
| Binge-eating disorder characteristics | Eating much more rapidly than normal, eating until feeling uncomfortably full, eating large amounts of food when not physically hungry, eating alone because of feeling embarrassed, feeling disgusted with oneself, depressed, or very guilty afterwards |
| Biological factors in eating disorders | Certain genes make people susceptible, dysfunctional brain circuits, abnormal neurotransmitters, when hypothalamus is manipulated there are changes in eating habits and food intake |
| Anorexia nervosa characteristics | Restriction of energy intake relative to requirements, leading to a significantly low body weight in the context of age, sex, developmental trajectory, and physical health (less than minimally normal/expected) (based on WHO BMI) |
| Set point theory | weight that our individual bodies try to “defend”, when fat levels fall below a certain point BMR is reduced, more calories extracted, activity level decreases |
| Minuchin’s views on family systems in eating disorders | Enmeshed family patterns (over involvement, overconcern) in childhood and adolescence, children can become parentified, can only control food |
| Muscle dysmorphia | Male eating disorder, obsession with muscle building, more likely to overexercise than restrict eating |
| Treatments for anorexia nervosa; challenges | Family therapy is most effective, emergency procedures to restore weight, antidepressants not effective |
| Medications to treat bulimia | Antidepressants, cognitive behavioral therapy |
| Relationship between gender and prevalence of eating disorders | Men account for 10-25% of eating disorders |
| Orthorexia | Fixation on healthy eating, food choices severely restricted, obsession with purity of diet not weight |
| Gender differences in alcohol tolerance | Women have less dehydrogenase in the stomach, become more intoxicated than men on same amount of alcohol |
| Physiological effects of alcohol | Slows nervous system, motor activity slows, blurred vision |
| Delirium tremens (DTs) | When a heavy drinker suddenly stops or significantly reduces alcohol intake, deep sleep if they do not die, seizures, heart failure |
| Heroin risks | High risk of overdose, impure drugs, dirty needles can spread infection, more likely to relapse |
| Heroin treatments | Methadone or buprenorphine |
| Medical uses of opioids | Used for prescription pain relief, anesthesia, sleeping issues |
| Opioid overdose and naloxone (Narcan) | Narcan knocks opium off brain receptors temporarily, still need to seek medical care to prevent death |
| Stimulants effects | Alertness and confidence, decreased fatigue, block reuptake of dopamine/norepinephrine/serotonin |
| Stimulants risks | Highly addictive, severe body destruction, psychosis, relapse is common |
| Hallucinogens effects | Delusions, hallucinations, sensory changes, changes in visual perceptions |
| Hallucinogens risks | Water intoxication, serotonin syndrome |
| Synergistic effects | When two or more drugs have similar actions, alcohol and opioids |
| Learning explanations for substance abuse | Action will increase if there is a positive effect or takes something away |
| The brain’s reward circuit (pleasure pathway) | Certain drugs stimulate reward center directly, other drugs stimulate the reward center indirectly |
| Treatment: antagonist drugs | Different kind of effect results when drugs have opposite effects |
| Treatment: Alcoholics Anonymous | Self-help organizations, sociocultural treatment |
| Aversion therapy | Avoiding things that feel bad, Antabuse and drinking causes sickness |
| Gender differences in schizophrenia | More common in men, protective aspect of estrogen in women |
| Symptoms of schizophrenia (several questions on this) | Experiences 2 or more of the following for a significant portion of time during a 1 month period, delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, very abnormal activity, including catatonia, negative symptoms |
| Course of schizophrenia | Prodromal, active, residual |
| Prodromal phase of schizophrenia | Symptoms are not obvious, beginning to deteriorate, withdraw socially |
| Active phase of schizophrenia | in active psychosis, experiencing delusions, apparent symptoms |
| Residual phase of schizophrenia | when active goes away, return to prodrome |
| Premorbid functioning and recovery from schizophrenia | Level of functioning prior to event, return to premorbid functioning |
| Concordance rates for schizophrenia in twins | 48% concordance rate for identical twins, 17% for fraternal twins |
| Dopamine hypothesis | Supported be research on L-dopa, new antipsychotics cast some doubt |
| Brain abnormalities in schizophrenia | Decreased brain volume, enlarge ventricles, frontal lobe dysfunction, reduced volume of thalamus, abnormalities in temporal lobe areas |
| Family influences; expressed emotion | When families are hostile towards patients, lack of understanding or support leads to more relapses |
| Diathesis-stress model | Genetic factors + prenatal and perinatal events = brain vulnerability + stress + developmental maturation processes = psychosis |
| Antipsychotic medications | Alleviate or reduce the intensity of delusions and hallucinations, two generations of drugs |
| Milieu therapy | Structured group treatment method, promotes self-respect, responsible behavior and meaningful activity |
| Partial hospitalization programs | Structured intensive outpatient treatment, live at home but commutes to treatment |
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gillwags
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