Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Psych Unit 6
Learning
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Learning | The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors. |
| Habituates | An organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it. |
| Associative Learning | Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be 2 stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning) |
| Stimulus | Any event of situation that evokes a response. |
| Cognitive Learning | The acquisition of mental information, wether by observing events, by watching others, or through language. |
| Classical Conditioning | A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events. (discovered by Ivan Parlov) |
| Behavioralism | The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not (2). |
| Neutral Stimuli (NS) | In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning. |
| Unconditioned Response (UR) | In classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (such as food in the mouth). |
| Unconditioned Stimulus (US) | In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response (UR). |
| Conditioned Response (CR) | In classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS). |
| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) | In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association, with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR). |
| Acquisition | In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response. |
| Higher-order conditioning | A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a neutral stimulus creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. |
| Extinction | The diminishing of a conditioned response, occurs in classical conditioning when a unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced. |
| Spontaneous recovery | The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. |
| Generalization | The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for a stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit a similar response. |
| Discrimination | In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and a stimuli that does not signal an unconditioned stimulus. |
| Operant Conditioning | A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. |
| Law of Effect | Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely. |
| Operant Chamber | In operant conditioning research, a chamber (skinner box) containing a bar or a key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water reinforcers; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking. |
| Reinforcement | In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows. |
| Shaping | An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior towards closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. |
| Discriminative Stimulus | In operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reward) |
| Positive Reinforcement | Increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. |
| Negative Reinforcement | Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (it is not a punishment) |
| Primary Reinforcer | A innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need (unlearned). |
| Conditioning Reinforcer | A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer (learned). |
| Reinforcement Schedule | A pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced. |
| Continuous Reinforcement | Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs. |
| Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement | Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in a slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement. |
| Fixed-Ratio Schedule | In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specific number of responses. |
| Variable-Ratio Schedule | In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. |
| Fixed-Interval Schedule | In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specific time has elapsed. |
| Variable-Interval Schedule | In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals. |
| Punishment | An event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows. |
| Biofeedback | A system of electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension. |
| Respondent Behavior | (Classical) Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus. |
| Operant Behavior | (Operant) Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences. |
| Cognitive Map | A mental representation of the layout of one's environment. |
| Latent Learning | Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. |
| Insight | A sudden realization of a problem's solution. |
| Intrinsic Motivation | A desire to preform a behavior effectively for its own sake. |
| Extrinsic Motivation | A desire to preform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment. |
| Coping | Alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods. |
| Problem-Focused Coping | Attempting to alleviate stress directly -- by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor. |
| Emotion-Focused Coping | Attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction. |
| Learned Helplessness | The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events. |
| External Locus of Control | The perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate. |
| Internal Locus of Control | The perception that you control your own fate. |
| Self-Control | The ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards. |
| Observational Learning | Learning by observing others. Also called social learning. |
| Modeling | The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior. |
| Mirror Neurons | Frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when preforming certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirror of another's action may enable imitation and empathy. |
| Prosocial Behavior | Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior. |
Created by:
emag
Popular Psychology sets