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Psych
module 4,5,8
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| consciousness | awareness of internal and external stimuli |
| biological rhythms | internal rhythms of biological activity |
| circadian cycle | biological rhythm that takes place over a period of 24 hours such as our wake sleep cycle |
| jet lag | collection of symptoms brought on by travel from one time zone to another that results from the mismatch between our circadian cycles and environment |
| rotating shift work | work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis |
| sleep debt | result of insufficient sleep on a chronic basis |
| sleep | low levels of activity, reduced sensory awareness, regulated by homeostatic and circadian mechanisms |
| pineal gland | secretes melatonin |
| pituitary gland | secretes follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and growth hormone |
| adaptive function | sleep conserves energy or keeps us safe from predation but little research supports this idea |
| cognitive function | sleep is necessary for cognitive function and memory function |
| REM sleep | rapid eye movement is characterized by darting eye movements of the eyes under closed eyelids |
| NREM sleep | sleep is subdivided into the three stages distinguished from each other and from wakefulness by characteristics patterns of brain waves |
| stage 1 sleep | transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep; the period during which a person drifts off into sleep |
| stage 2 sleep | the body goes into deep relaxation; characterization by the appearance of sleep spindles |
| stage 3 sleep | deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves |
| activation-synthesis theory | dreams are electrical brain impulses that pull random thoughts and imagery from our memories |
| continual-activation theory | during REM sleep, the unconscious part of the brain is busy processing procedural memory |
| threat-simulation theory | dreaming repeatedly simulates potential threatening events, thus enhancing the mechanisms required for efficient threat avoidance |
| expectation-fulfillment theory | dreaming discharges emotional arousals that haven't been expressed during the day |
| insomnia | consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week for at least one month's time |
| treatments for insomnia | exercise, limiting stimulant use, cognitive behavioral therapy |
| sleep apnea | a sleeper's breathing stops for 10-20 seconds or longer multiple times in an hour; symptoms include snoring and fatigue |
| treatments for sleep apnea | CPAP machine |
| narcolepsy | someone cannot resist falling asleep at inopportune times |
| treatment for narcolepsy | amphetamines |
| substance abuse disorder | addictive disorder where a person has a compulsive pattern of drug use; physical dependence creates changes in bodily functions; emotional need for the drug |
| depressants | alcohol; suppresses the central nervous system activity, agonists of the gamma-aminobutyric acid neurotransmitter system |
| stimulants | cocaine, amphetamines, ecstasy, nicotine, caffeine; increase overall level of neural activity, agonists of the dopamine neurotransmitter system |
| opioids | heroin, morphine, methadone, codeine; decrease pain, produced by the body naturally in small amounts, extremely high potential for abuse |
| hallucinogens | marijuana, shrooms, mescaline, LSD; profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences, impact different neurotransmitters |
| hypnosis | state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli |
| dissociation view | dissociated state of consciousness |
| social-cognitive theory of hypnosis | people perform a social role |
| meditation | clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness |
| sensory information | includes vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch, balance, body position, movement, pain, and temperature |
| subliminal messages | messages that are presented below the threshold for conscious awareness |
| perception | how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; psychological process |
| visual information in the brain | processed in two different pathways which can be described as the "what pathway" (ventral pathway) and the "where/how pathway" (dorsal pathway) |
| trichromatic | cones respond to 3 wavelengths that represent red, blue, and green; applies to visual processing on the retina |
| opponent process | color is coded in opponent pairs (black-white, yellow-blue, red-green); cells are excited by one of the opponent colors and inhibited by the other; applies once the signal moves past the retina on its way to the brain |
| depth perception | ability of perceive spatial relationships in a 3-D space; binocular and monocular cues |
| sound waves | travel into our ears at various speeds and amplitudes; high amplitudes = louder sounds; higher frequency = higher pitch |
| temporal | frequency is coded by the activity level of a sensory neuron; applies of frequencies of up to 4000 Hz |
| place | different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies; frequencies of under 4000 Hz |
| monaural | one eared, each pinna interacts with incoming sound waves differently, depending on the sound's source relative to the body |
| binaural | two eared, interaural level difference, interaural timing difference |
| types of hearing loss | deafness, congenital deafness, conductive hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss |
| taste | molecules from food and beverages we consume dissolve in our saliva and interact with taste receptors on our tongue and in our mouth and throat |
| smell | olfactory receptors are proteins with pockets that identify molecules of chemicals in the air; information transmitted from the olfactory bulb in the brain |
| touch | specific receptors in the skin covert stimulation to electrical nerve impulses, a process called transduction |
| pain | adaptive because it makes us aware of injury; motivates us to remove ourselves from the cause of the injury |
| pain and the somatosensory cortex | pain is signaled via fast-conducting A-fibers, which project to the somatosensory cortex |
| vestibular system | major sensory organs of the vestibular system are located next to the cochlea in the inner ear |
| gestalt principles of perception | the brain creates a perception that is more than simply the sum of available sensory inputs |
| multimodal perception | the effect stimulation of multiple senses has on perception |
| multimodal phenomena | McGurk effect, rubber hand effect |
| cross modal phenomena | double flash illusion, ventriloquism effect |
| instinct | unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns; instincts are thought to be more prevalent in lower animals than humans |
| reflex | unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment |
| learning | change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience |
| associative learning | form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment |
| classical conditioning | organisms learn to associate events - or stimuli - that repeatedly happen together |
| operant conditioning | organisms learn to associate events - a behavior and it's consequence (reinforcement or punishment) |
| observational learning | the process of watching others and imitating what they do |
| stimulus discrimination | ability to respond differently to similar stimuli |
| stimulus generalization | demonstrating the conditioning response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimuli |
| habituation | when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change |
| behaviorists | believe that human behavior is primarily the result of conditioned responses |
| law of effect | behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged |
| positive reinforcement | something is added to increase the likelihood of a behavior |
| positive punishment | something is added to decrease the likelihood of a behavior |
| negative reinforcement | something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior |
| negative punishment | something is removed to decrease the likelihood of a behavior |
| primary reinforcers | innate reinforcing qualities; ex: food, water, shelter, sex |
| secondary reinforcers | no inherent value to itself and only has reinforcement qualities when linked with something else; ex: money, gold stars, poker chips |
| shaping | rewarding success approximations toward a target behavior |
| latent learning | learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate |
| model | person whose behavior serves as an example |
| vicarious punishment | observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model's behavior |
| vicarious reinforcement | observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model's behavior |
Created by:
kate.carlson
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