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PSYC 331 exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| stress response | the effect stressors create within an organism, a byproduct of the poor or inadequate coping |
| adequate stress disorder | during and immediately after trauma, high levels of arousal and upset may be temporarily experienced |
| post traumatic stress disorder | trauma response, re-experiencing, avoidance of reminders, undermined cognition and mood, magnified arousal and reactivity, active symptoms for 1 month |
| childhood experiences and later development of stress disorders | growing up in poverty, psychological disorders in the family, assault, abuse, or catastrophe at an early age, parental separation or divorce in early childhood |
| gender differences in stress disorders and traumatic events | male gender role stress, could experience emotional distress as a result of violating gender norms, may prevent men from seeking out help |
| complex ptsd | long term, multiple traumas |
| dissociative amnesia | loss of memory triggered by a specific upsetting event, varying levels and severities |
| dissociative fugue | person loses awareness of their identity and engages in some form of unexpected travel, cause is severe stress |
| risk factors for dissociative identity disorder | childhood abuse, sexual abuse, trauma, more common in women |
| dissociative identity disorder | alternating between multiple self-states (subpersonalities or alters), host has executive control most of the time, switching is sudden |
| relationships among subpersonalities | mutually amnesic relationships, mutually cognizant patterns, one-way amnesic relationships |
| Case of Eve White | Eve White- serious/quiet, Eve Black- party girl, Jane: mature, different IQs/difficulties in relationships/exposed to trauma early |
| theoretical explanations for dissociative identity disorder | repression, response learned through operant conditioning (escape behavior) |
| therapy goals for dissociative identity disorder | recognize the disorder, recover memories, integration of subpersonalities |
| depersonalization | subject does not feel real |
| derealization | world does not feel real |
| symptoms of depression | considerable weight change/appetite change, insomnia/hypersomia, daily agitation/decrease in motor activity, daily fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, daily reduction in concentration, repeated focus on death and/or suicide |
| postpartum depression with psychosis (Andrea Yates case) | diagnosed with several disorders including peripartum-onset depression with psychotic features, encouraged to have more children when it was guaranteed psychosis symptoms would return |
| Cognitive behavioral perspective causes of depression | learned helplessness, negative thinking, pessimistic thinking maintains helplessness, maladaptive attitudes, automatic thoughts |
| Family-social perspective causes of depression | Interpersonal therapy (IPT) focuses on relationship issues, trying to help the person understand and change maladaptive interaction patterns |
| Efficacy of the different classes of antidepressants | Fail to help at least 40% of clients with depression, actual failure rate is likely higher (publication bias), study designs, most effective for severe depression |
| Study 329 and paroxetine | Misrepresentation of negative effects and efficacy, ghost written by PR firm, no scientific support |
| ketamine and depression | 80% efficacy for treatment-resistant depression |
| brain stimulation treatments for depression | electroconvulsive therapy, vagus nerve stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, deep brain stimulation |
| cognitive explanations for unipolar depression | social context, family social perspective, multicultural perspective |
| symptoms of a manic episode | for at least one week- continually abnormal, inflated mood with heightened energy, grandiosity, reduced sleep need, drive to continue talking, flight of ideas, attention pulled in many directions, excessive pursuit of risky/problematic activities |
| theoretical perspectives of bipolar disorder | link to creativity |
| bipolar depression and biochemical factors | norepinephrine and serotonin, higher levels of cortisol, melatonin (SAD) |
| lithium treatment | Effective for mood stabilizing, but has side effects, dosing issues (too low = no effect, too high = intoxication) |
| psychotic symptoms in bipolar disorder | Delusions: fixed beliefs that are clearly false, Hallucinations: seeing or hearing things that aren’t there |
| case of "Mary" | level of insight (awareness of her disorder, treatment options, impact on her life and others), nature of her psychotic symptoms in both states, contribution to researchers, clinicians and students by allowing us access to her experience |
| Shneidman's typology | Death seekers, initiators, darers, ignorers |
| countries with high and low suicide rates | Mexico, Egypt, Greece low rates (high levels of religious devoutness, warmer than US) |
| gender and suicide | Men are four times more likely than women to die by suicide, men more likely to use lethal means, women more likely to self harm |
| psychological disorders and suicide | Majority who die by suicide have a history of at least one psychological disorder |
| suicidal acts and psychological disorders | 50-90% of suicides occur during a depressive episode or while in the recovery phase |
| psychodynamic view of suicide | Freud believed suicide was an extreme expression of self-hatred, basic death instinct |
| Durkheim's theory of suicide types | argued the probability of suicide is determined by how attached a person is to social groups, egoistic/altruistic/anomic |
| Joiner's interpersonal theory of suicide | Hold key beliefs of perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness + psychological ability to carry out suicide = increased risk of suicide |
| how teenagers differ from adults in terms of suicide | Suicide is the second leading cause of death for this age group, undergoing great stress |
| risk factors of suicide | characteristics of a person or their environment that increase the likelihood that they will die by suicide (i.e., suicide risk) |
| warning signs of suicide | indicate an immediate risk of suicide (talking about death or suicide, seeking methods for self-harm, talking about feeling hopeless, talking about being a burden) |
| reducing public access to lethal and common means of suicide | Reducing exposure to guns, instituting waiting period |
| malingering | motivated by external incentives |
| factitious disorders | motivated by benefits of “sick role”, person is aware that they are manufacturing symptoms |
| Munchausen syndrome | Factitious disorder imposed on self, deceives others by appearing sick |
| Munchausen by proxy syndrome | Factitious disorder imposed on another, produce or fabricate symptoms of illness in another under their care |
| conversion disorder | Displays neurological symptoms in the absence of neurological diagnosis, not consciously wanted or purposely produced, person is not faking, fully believe the symptoms are real, not purposefully produced |
| somatic symptom disorder | Extreme anxiety about physical symptoms, intense thoughts, feelings, and behaviors related to the symptoms that interfere with daily life |
| mass hysteria | Similar physical symptoms with no known physical cause in a group of people, increase of outbreaks due to social media, considered a form of conversion disorder |
| somatic complaints in non Western medical settings | High rates of stress induced somatic symptoms throughout the non-Western world |
| illness anxiety disorder | Chronic anxiety about their health, worried about what symptoms mean, implications, concerns are about normal bodily changes, such as occasional coughing, sores, or sweating |
| traditional psychophysiological disorders | ulcers, asthma, insomnia, chronic headaches, high blood pressure, coronary heart disease |
| personality styles and illnesses | People who are more competitive/hostile/tense are more likely to suffer from coronary heart disease |
| "Hispanic Health Paradox" | Extended family and social support that is more prevalent overall, reduces stress which helps with high blood pressure and cholesterol |
| normal diurnal cortisol slope | whites and other races that experience a high cortisol level in the beginning of the day and a leveling out at night |
| dysfunctional flattened cortisol pattern | Black people with more perceived discrimination are constantly trying to manage stress, unhealthy, more flattened cortisol slope |
| psychoneuroimmunology | The study of the connections between stress, the body’s immune system, and illness |
| effects of norepinephrine on immune system | disregulates immune response |
| social support and immune functioning | More social support provides better immune functioning, less consistent stress and more relief, aids immune system |
| biofeedback | Technique in which a client is given information about physiological reactions as they occur and learns to control the reactions voluntarily |
| death seekers | fully committed to ending their life only in that moment, use lethal means |
| death initiators | intend to end their life because they believe that the death process is already underway |
| death darers | ambivalent feelings about death and show that in their actions |
| death ignorers | believe their self-inflicted death is not the end of their existence |
Created by:
gillwags
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