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Ofaction 1 PSY 349
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Smell and taste type of sense | They are chemical senses, molecules in air, molecules in food. Our original senses, very first ones since single-celled organisms evolved. |
| What lobe is involved with perceiving smell | temporal lobe |
| odorant | something we potentially perceive as a smell. Stimulus that potentially provides odor |
| Requirements for molecules to be odorants | volatile, small enough, hydrophobic. Even if they meet these requirements, we may not have receptors for it |
| volatile | suspended in air |
| size of odorant molecules | somewhere between 50-300 daltons |
| hydrophobic | repels water |
| Retro nasal passageway | back way, one of 2 pathways into sensory neurons. Important role with food. Molecules from chewing food can go to nasal passage, flavor can become stronger |
| orthonasal passageway | passageway through the nostrils |
| olfactory bulb | nerve bundles that feed into brain |
| after entering either passageway | molecules have to cross the olfactory epithelium, turbinates encourage air to be pushed up into sensory nerves |
| olfactory epithelium | houses many cells, 3 different types, olfactory cilia, basal cells, and supporting cells |
| cribriform | spongey bone layer |
| mucosa | molecules have to be trapped her in order to smell |
| olfactory cilia | receptors bind to molecules in mucus |
| Basal cell | stem cells, not specialized, can be changed, they are in epithelium to replace OSNs, OSNs last for about 2-3 months and then are replaced by these |
| supporting cells (sustentacular cells) | provide structure of epithelium, form the layer, 2nd role is they provide nutrients for the other cells |
| Covid and supporting cells | virus causes inflammation in the epithelium and uses supporting cells as host, they block supporting cells from supporting, main treatment prescribe anti-inflammatories or smell therapy |
| Olfactory cilia | protein attached, molecule attaches to receptor, when hundreds are activated then action potential, receptors are specialized for each kind of molecule based on shape |
| G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) | activates when odorant receptors do, g protein changes its shape to be more activated, cascade of chemical reaction, once it changes shape allows Na+ to accumulate within cilia |
| steps of odorant receptor activation | odorant molecule binds to GPCR, GPCR activates, G protein changes shape to activate more, Na+ concentration in cilia, axon hillock, threshold, action potential |
| injury due to impact can affect olfaction | mainly affects bony plate, pinch nerves, losing smell can lead to appetite loss, increase in suicidal ideations |
| secondary and primary cortex | secondary olfactory cortex is orbitofrontal, primary is in temporal lobe |
| testing human smell | blindfolded and leave scent trail that they had to crawl to get, we were able to perform well it just takes time and adjustment, we can practice to get better |
| elephants | have the best sense of smell out of any animal, more olfactory receptors, they have about 2,000 receptors, we have 1/4 of that |
| how many smells can we discriminate | up to a trillion amount of different smells, hypothetically |
| pathway of sensory signals | receptors fire action potential, arrive at glomeruli, synaptic transmission, go to mitral/tufted cells, into the olfactory bulb, feeds into 3 areas, primary olfactory, 2nd orbitofrontal, entorhinal cortex, amygdala -hippocampal complex |
| mitral cells and tufted cells | form the olfactory nerve that feeds into the brain |
| granule cells | feed back signals, from brain to granule cells, ex. they isolate smells, modulate smells so they're not as strong, negative signals, chunking smells |
| does olfaction go through thalamus | no, this makes it unique, it goes directly to amygdala/hippocampal cortex, smell is more tied to emotions than other senses, emotions tend to be stronger and memory of smells tends to be stronger |
| pseudogenes | in our genetic code but no machinery to create the receptors, have formula but no way to create, theory is over time we stopped using some |
| trigeminal nerve | close enough to olfactory nerves to be activated by proximity, nerve #5, sense of touch on face, touch in relation to smell, sometimes when smelling your memory can tie it into a type of tactile snese, ex. smell of onions, fat isn't a taste but sensation |
| shape-pattern theory | leading theory, most evidence, odorants shaped to fit different receptors, more action potentials if it fits even more specifically, pattern of action potentials, specificity of shapes together vs. generalization |
| strengths and drawbacks of shape-pattern theory | explains how we can be capable of distinguishing 1 trillion scents, cannot account for odorants that have drastically different shape but still produce the same smell |
| vibration theory | molecules that have the same shape, but we detect difference between them because they vibrate differently |
| evidence for vibration theory | citrus smells are very similarly shaped and would be difficult to determine only based on shape, fruit flies can discriminate molecules based on vibration |
| drawbacks of vibration theory | molecules with same structure/vibration but are mirror images of each other we can still tell the differences |
| stereoisomers | same atoms, same vibrations, but since they are mirror images, they produce different smells |
| pattern perception mechanism | not much info, referring to same pattern as shape theory but different reason, odorant molecules bind to receptor in temporal order, in a sequence, specific timing for each receptor |
| synthetic perception | when it synthesizes into one, vision is primarily synthetic, ex. seeing orange and not separating into red and yellow |
| analytic perception | separate different sensations even if experiencing all at once |
| Binaral rivalry study | put 1 scent in each nasal passageway if scent was only synthetic, they would smell a mix of both, but they smell each separate smell, synthetic response for smelling things such as bacon, made of many molecules but we can't differentiate |
| Analytic vs. synthetic study using smaller mixture of scents | average smellers vs. super smellers, used different odorants for each mixture, asked them to discern the components, super smellers were better but couldn't discern more than 4-5, smell is analytic to a point, possibility for us to learn to smell better |
| analytic vs. synthetic study with larger mixture of scents | olfactory "white" mixtures, made up of about 30 unique odorants, each mixture they described as 1 kind of smell, and the same smell for each mixture, thought they were getting the same one each time, going beyond high amount we only smell general smell |
Created by:
lilynoellehutch
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