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Unit 2
Module 44: Social Influence
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Social Influence | The greatest contribution of social psychology is its study of attitudes, beliefs, decisions, and actions and the way they are molded by social influence. |
| Conformity | Adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. Complying with social pressures |
| Obedience | Other behaviors may be the expression of compliance toward authority. |
| Chameleon effect | taking on the emotional tones of those around us. We imitate expressions, postures and voice tones (mood contagion). Ex – Yawning, laughing, coughing |
| Mood Linkage | Sharing up and down moods. We feel happier around happy people than around depressed people. |
| Mimicry | Can sometimes lead to tragedy Violence can mimic violence (Columbine) Suicide can mimic suidice (Marilyn Monroe) AKA copycats |
| Group Pressure and Conformity | Suggestibility and mimicry are subtle types of conformity– adjusting our behavior or thinking toward some group standard. Influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinons about reality. |
| Conditions that Strengthen Conformity | One is made to feel incompetent or insecure or unsure of own opinions. The group has at least three people. The rest of the group is unanimous. One admires the group’s status and attractiveness. No prior commitment to respons Culture Being observed |
| Normative Social Influence | Influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain social approval or avoid disappointment (ridicule or rejection) or severe price to pay if not followed. |
| Informative Social Influence | Influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality (we are unsure of our judgment or our desire to be right.) |
| Baron and colleagues (1996) | Made students do an eyewitness identification task. If the task was easy (lineup exposure 5 sec.) conformity was low compared to difficult task (1/2 sec. exposure) they conformed ½ the time. |
| Obedience | People comply to social pressures. But how would they respond to outright command? Stanley Milgram designed a study that investigated the effects of authority on obedience |
| Stanley Milgram's experiment | 63% of participants delivered the maximum shock to participants Likelihood of obedience increased when: Victim could not be seen Authority figure close at hand Prestigious organization or institution Lack of a defiant role model |
| Power of Conformity | Solomon Asch: Goal: Why people conform to diff groups Six particpants were hired and one was a real subject, they had to judge the length of lines and cards - determine which one was correct The actors unanimously lied to see what the subject would do |
| Results and Criticsims of Asch's experiment | Results: 75% percent of the participants conformed at least once Criticisms: In real life the situations are more serious and people would trust their own gut, so they thought it wasn’t accurate |
| Social Facilitation | Refers to improved performance on a task in the presence of others. Triplett (1898) noticed cyclists’ race time were faster when they competed against others than against a clock. Occurs with simples/not with tasks that are difficult |
| Yerkes-Dodson Law | There is an optimal level of arousal for the best performance of any task: easy tasks--relatively high arousal difficult tasks--low arousal other tasks --moderate level |
| Too little arousal | inert affect on the learner, while too much has a hyperactive affect. Also, there are optimal levels of arousal for each task to be learned. |
| Optimal level of arousal | lower for more difficult or intellectually (cognitive) tasks (the learners need to concentrate on the material) higher for tasks requiring endurance and persistence (the learners need for motivation) |
| Social Loafing | Tendency of an individual in a group to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually (Latané, 1981). Ex: The group is large and does not feel responsible for working on the task (diffusion of responsibility) |
| Deindivudation | Loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. |
| Group Polarization | Group Polarization: enhances group’s prevailing attitudes through discussion. If a group is like-minded, discussion strengthens its prevailing opinions and attitudes. A group's attitude is one of extremes and rarely moderate Ex: KKK |
| Groupthink | Mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides realistic appraisal of alternatives. |
| When is groupthink most likely to occur? | when groups have certain characteristics: Commitment of group members toward each other Isolation from outside influences Strong leader Intent to reach a major decision Fed by overconfidence, conformity, self-justification and group polarization. |
| Power of Individuals | The power of social influence (situation) is enormous but so is the power of the individual (personal control.) The power of an individual can be stronger than a group |
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hibba_rash
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