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PSYC 331 exam 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| defining abnormality | deviance, distress, dysfunction, danger |
| Views of abnormality in the middle-ages | Evil spirits, supernatural view, exorcisms |
| moral treatment | Treatment of strict household, treated like children, teach how to behave |
| deinstitutionalization | people who need treatment cannot access it |
| correlational research | if there is an association between the two events |
| correlation coefficient | range between -1 to +1, sign indicates direction, numerical value indicates strength |
| experiment | deliberate manipulation of a variable to see whether corresponding changes in behavior result, allowing the determination of cause and effect relationships |
| analogue studies | A research method in which the experimenter produces abnormal-like behavior in laboratory participants and then conducts experiments on the participants |
| ABAB reversal designs | Alternating baseline condition with treatment, give treatment, remove treatment to see if it works in the longer term |
| longitudinal research designs | A study that observes the same participants on many occasions over a long period of time |
| epidemiological research designs | a study that measures the incidence and prevalence of a disorder in a given population |
| prevalence | the total number of cases of a disorder occurring in a population over a specific period of time |
| informed consent | The requirement that researchers provide sufficient information to participants about the purpose, procedure, risks, and benefits of a study |
| sociocultural perspective | things in environment that drive behavior |
| biological explanations for abnormality | Sees physical processes as explanation |
| Evolutionary perspective | human reactions and the responsible genes survived over time because they were adaptive, stay in house to avoid danger |
| Biological treatments, specifically brain stimulation techniques | Drug therapy, brain stimulation, psychosurgery |
| id | only thing you are born with, operates solely on pleasurable principle, looking to avoid pain |
| ego | emerges in early infancy, helps id by manipulating the world to get what they want (if you behave a certain way something will happen) |
| superego | internalization of conscience, development of ethics (ages 3-6), get from parents and is then internalized, when they violate rules they feel guilt, more judgmental, reinforce morality |
| ego defense mechanisms | unconscious distortions of a person’s perception of reality that reduce anxiety, aim is to feel better, ego cannot always balance the superego and id, used to reduce anxiety |
| repression | the ego keeps disturbing or threatening thoughts from becoming conscious, those events are pushed into the unconscious mind, internal |
| denial | refusal to accept reality or fact in external world |
| regression | movement back in psychological time, into childhood |
| projection | involves individuals attributing their own thoughts, feelings, and motives to another person |
| displacement | redirect feelings from a threatening target to a less threatening one |
| free association | need to bring everything to the surface, share interpretations when client is ready to hear them, probing for unconscious |
| analysis of dreams | believed they were symbolic information that could be interpreted, mostly for sexual information |
| analysis of resistance | looks at person’s behavior relating to touchy behavior (still used in modern therapy) |
| analysis of transference | patient acts towards therapist how they did/do act to important people in their life (act snooty towards mother, transfers to therapist), therapist tries to not let patient remind them of someone else and transfer their feelings of person to patient |
| Cognitive dimension of the cognitive-behavioral model | Inaccurate/disturbing assumptions and attitudes, illogical thinking, have a set of core beliefs we hold, therapy questions the thoughts |
| self actualizing tendency | the striving to fulfill one’s innate capacities |
| self concept | image of oneself that develops from interactions with important, significant people in one’s life |
| Multicultural theorists’ explanation for abnormality | Behavior that is abnormal in one culture may be normal in another |
| Developmental psychopathology perspective | Equifinality (multiple pathways can lead to same disorder) and multifinality (people who have experienced similar things can experience different outcomes) |
| idiographic information | Information about a particular individual, as opposed to a larger population |
| unstructured clinical interviews | Trying to establish rapport, hard to compare to other interviews, get different responses |
| structured clinical interviews | Responses can be quantified, Take longer, client frustration, do not deviate from order of questions |
| mental status assessment | appearance, behavior, speech, mood and affect, cognition |
| projective tests | Unstructured stimuli are presented, Meaning or structure projected onto stimuli |
| Rorschach Inkblot Test | identify repeated themes in the seen images, colored ink blots |
| Thematic Apperception Test | pictures of ambiguous people in ambiguous positions, create a story from each picture |
| MMPI-2 | designed to detect abnormal personality (most widely used, very expensive, administrators need to be specially trained) |
| validity and reliability of projective tests | very subjective, low reliability, low validity |
| ICD | international classification of disease, formal diagnostic classification |
| DSM | diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, formal diagnostic classification |
| DSM-5 requirements for categorical and dimensional information as part of diagnosis | Name of disorder, severity of symptoms |
| Disadvantages of diagnostic labeling | may act in alignment with symptoms of misdiagnosis, behave in accordance with predetermined symptoms |
| evidence based treatment | the treatment does what it is supposed to do in curing or relieving some target condition |
| harmed by therapy | 5-10% deteriorate during treatment- some disorders do not respond to it |
| effectiveness of therapy | the average person receiving psychotherapy is better off than 75-79% of people with similar problems who do not seek treatment |
| generalized anxiety disorder | Chronic or excessive worry about multiple events and activities, occurs more days than not for 6 month period |
| Benzodiazepines - mechanism of action | Treat generalized anxiety disorders, work better in beginning, addictive, do not mix with alcohol |
| agoraphobia | disorder in which one fears and avoids places that might cause one to panic and feel trapped or embarrassed |
| Phobias and learning theories | Irrational, persistent fear of an object, situation, or social activity |
| Phobias and the evolutionary perspective | biological preparedness: species-specific biological predisposition to develop certain fears |
| modeling | watching someone else engage with feared stimulus and they are not experiencing fear |
| systematic desensitization | learn relaxation skills, create fear hierarchy list |
| flooding | person exposed to most frightening situation immediately and intensely, not allowed to leave until they are calm |
| Sociocultural explanation of generalized anxiety disorder | Ongoing dangerous societal conditions, poverty, discrimination |
| Aaron Beck view of social anxiety disorder | assumption of danger |
| characteristics of social anxiety disorder | narrow (only when presenting) or broad (all social settings) |
| Cognitive view of social anxiety disorder | Anticipate social disasters, avoidance and safety behaviors to prevent disasters, post social event ruminations |
| Characteristics of panic disorder | Recurrent unexpected panic attacks |
| Cognitive explanation for panic disorder | Bodily sensations are misinterpreted, anxiety sensitivity |
| obsessions | dirt/contamination, violence (intrusive and recurring, very distressing), orderliness, religion, sexuality |
| compulsions | cleaning, checking, repeating, ordering/arranging, counting |
| exposure and response prevention | 55-85% of clients improve, habituation to stimulus that causes anxiety, does not help people who have obsessions but no compulsions |
| Medications for obsessive-compulsive disorder | Serotonin based antidepressants, combination therapy |
| Hoarding disorder characteristics | persistent difficulty parting with possessions that others may view as worthless, distressing and impactful to others |
Created by:
gillwags
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