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psychology intro/his
introduction and history
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Studies people prevents possible biases from leading to faulty observations | psychology |
| outward or obvious actions and reactions | Behavior |
| internal, secret activity of our minds | Mental processes |
| Goals of psychology are? | Description, Explanation, Prediction, Control |
| What is happening? Observing behaviors, describing what is happening | Description |
| Why is it happening? Theory- general explanation of a set of observations or facts | Explanation |
| When will it happen again? | Prediction |
| How can it be changed? Try to help them change the negative thinking | Control |
| M.D., after completing medical training specialize in the treatment of mental disorders (specializes in the medical management [medication] of psychiatric disorders) go to med school. | Psychiatry (Psychiatrist) |
| - (Psy.D. or Ph.D.) - graduate training (most typically a clinical physiologist, learn research) takes ab 6 years to get licensed and practice on your own. (psyd - clinical work can not get hired in academic positions) (ph d –maximum flexibility) | Psychology |
| – (MSW, LCSW, BCSW) focus on the environmental condition that can have an impact on mental disorders such as poverty, overcrowding, etc. (don’t see that level of specialization as in psyc) | social work |
| LPC concentrate on vocational counseling (helping someone decided which profession they would want to go into) | counselors |
| established the 1st psychology lab at the University of Leipzig in 1879 | wundt |
| testing and observing | empirical method |
| Use methods that were developed in physiology to understand conscious awareness. Doing tests like Sensation and perception | The Principles of Physiological Psychology |
| father of structuralism- focused on structure or basic elements of the mind (died out in early 1900s) | Titchener |
| Focus to investigate conscious experience; break down into its basic elements and investigate how the elements are combined to form whole experience; analyze each experience through a process called introspection | structuralism |
| process of objectively examining and measuring one's thoughts and mental activities. | Introspection |
| how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play.psychology should study the function or purpose of consciousness, how does our consciousness allow us to survive and adapt to the environment created by william james | Functionalism |
| Influenced the modern fields of: | Educational psychology, Evolutionary psychology, Industrial/organizational psychology |
| the theory and therapy based on work of Sigmund Freud.(area of mind we don’t have access too which we push or repress, all of our threating urges and desires) believed it lead us to do dif things. Greatly influence how you behave today | Psychoanalysis |
| Unconscious processes from out past experiences influence behavior; behavior stems from unconscious struggles. He believed that... | these repressed urges, in trying to surface, created nervous disorders. |
| thoughts, memories, and desires below the conscious level of awareness that influenced our behavior | Unconscious awareness |
| In his talking cure- once patients’ problems were... | brought to conscious awareness, they could be dealt with and would disappear; (his patients suffered from nervous disorders with no found physical cause) (hysteria) |
| scientific psychology should study only observable behavior (palvo and watson). | Behaviorism |
| based off Ivan Pavlov who said that a reflex could be conditioned (learn). Stated that if psyc is gonna be a science then it has to be observed on behavior. He believed that phobias were learned. it was all nurtured (how you were brought up). | Watson |
| He was kicked outta psyc bc of a scandal and couldn’t get another job at an Academic college. He then went on to get a job in advertising. | watson |
| More focused on the development of a sense of self and the discovery of other motivations behind a person's behavior other than sexual motivations. | psychodynamic perspective |
| B.F. Skinner studied operant conditioning of voluntary behavior. O.C. (voluntary behavior is learned) he introduced the concept of reinforcement to behaviorism. doesnt always have to be pleasant (punishment temporarily suppresses the behavior ) | Behavioral Perspective |
| owes far more to the early roots of psyc in the field of philosophy. people have free will there freedom to choose their own destiny.Emphasized the human potential, the ability of each person to become the best person he ore she could be. | humanistic perspective |
| earliy founders of humanism | Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers |
| parents love and accept me no matter what | Unconditional positive regard |
| that you receive love and affection only when you are doing good | Conditional regard |
| achieving ones full potential or actual self. | Self-actualization |
| focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, Problem solving, and learning. | Cognitive perspective |
| focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture. (bystander effect) | socioculture perspective |
| Organisms tend to repeat behaviors that lead to positive outcomes and tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes ex. baby crying | Behavioral Perspective |
| stresses free will, human nature is positive and growth seeking emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and potential for personal growth | Humanism |
| achieving one's full potential or actual self | self-actualization |
| how people store, process, and retrieve information influences behavior | Cognitive perspective |
| state of helplessness or resignation when humans or nonhumans learn that escape is impossible | |
| being punished to eventually learn that something is wrong. (dog experiment) | noncontingent punishment |
| attributes human and animal behavior to biological events occurring in the body, such as genetic influences, hormones, and the activity of the nervous system (ex. brain tumor) | Biopsychological perspective |
| examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for a species over time. (Why we lie, fear of snakes, spiders) ex. bitter taste poisonous plants | Evolutionary perspective |
| predisposition and stressor activates (says you are born with some form of predisposition) | stress-diathesis model |
| studies the course of human development from conception to death | Developmental psychology |
| study role of social forces and interpersonal behavior | Social psychology |
| do research in most basic areas of psychology such as sensation & perception, learning, conditioning | Experimental psychology |
| study the relationship between biology, behavior and mental processes (how is biology causing this particular behavior) | Biopsychology/ neuroscience |
| investigates all aspects of cognition; “higher mental processes” (human thought process, memory, problem solving) | Cognitive perspective |
| the seven modern perspectives of psyc are.. | psychodynamic, behavioral, humanistic, cognitive, sociocultural, biopsychological, and evolutionary |
| focus on evaluation, diagnosis, causes, and treatment of mental disorders (focuses on psychopathology) they specialize. They are the largest group of psychologists. Work with people with severe disorders | Clinical psyc |
| explore the relationships between brain systems and behavior. 2 years of residency | Neuropsychologists |
| apply psychological principles to legal issues. (Child custody cases, etc etc.) phd clinical psyc and law degree. | Forensic psychologists |
| how biological, social and psychological factors affect health and illness | Health psyc |
| help athletes refine their focus on competition goals, become more motivated, and learn to deal with the anxiety and fear of failure that often accompany competition. | Sports psychologists |
| focus more on adjustment difficulties rather than mental disorders; such as marriage therapy, career counseling, etc (second largest group) | Counseling |
| concerned with human learning and developing materials and strategies for enhancing education. (Tend to work for the school system) would be the one to assessment for children with learning disabilities | Educational/ School psyc |
| apply the principles of psychology to the workplace (focuses on the business world) concerned with people and work environment. They don’t do therapy they set up systems where employees will get bonuses for working more efficiently | Industrial/ Organizational psyc |
Created by:
jhood
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