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AP Psych: Unit 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Psychology | The study of behavior and mental processes |
| Trephination | Stone Age: Cutting holes into a skull to "let evil spirits out" |
| Socrates and Plato | Argued that the mind is separate from the body (Enlightenment Thinkers) |
| John Locke | Said the mind was a blank slate.; argued Empiricism - you learn from experiences |
| Wilhelm Wundt | A.K.A. the father of modern psychology. Created the first psychology lab at the University of Leipzig (1879). |
| Waves of Psychology | 1. Introspection 2. Gestalt Psychology 3. Psychoanalysis 4. Behaviorism 5. Eclectic |
| Wave One: Introspection | Wundt - structuralism *Structure of the mind using Introspection (looking inward) William James - functionalism *How does the mind function? (e.x. adapt, survive, practical application, etc.) |
| Wave Two: Gestalt Psychology | Max Wertheimer *How do we perceive the world? *The whole of an experience can be more than the sum of its parts. |
| Wave Three: Psychoanalysis | Sigmund Freud (early 1900s) *Our feelings come from a hidden place in your mind called the unconscious. |
| Wave Four: Behaviorism | All that mattered was how you acted (behaved) - mid-1900s. If they could change your behavior, they can change the way you think. |
| Wave Five: Eclectic | We are now in wave five, which is about variety. Psychologists pick and choose from 7 different perspectives. |
| 7 Perspectives | 1. Biological (Neuroscience) Perspective 2. Evolutionary Perspective 3. Psychoanalytic Perspective 4. Behavioral Perspective 5. Humanist Perspective 6. Cognitive Perspective 7. Social-Cultural Perspective |
| Biological (Neuroscience) Perspective | All your feelings and behaviors have a biological root (Genetic, natural, hormonal...) |
| Evolutionary Perspective | Focuses on Darwinism. We behave the way we do because we inherited these behaviors. Thus, those behaviors must have helped ensure our ancestors' survival. |
| Psychoanalytic Perspective | Behavior springs from the unconscious (FREUD). |
| Behavioral Perspective | Focuses on observable behaviors while putting feelings to the side; conditioning and learning. |
| Humanist Perspective | We have to strive to be the best: "Self-actualization" Need for love and acceptance. |
| Cognitive Perspective | Focuses on how we think (or encode information); good with people with depression. How did we learn how to act sad or happy? |
| Social-Cultural Perspective | Says that much of your behavior and your feelings are dictated by the culture you live in. |
| Biopsychosocial | Biology, Psychology and Social-Cultural combination *e.x. Andrea Yates |
| Nature vs. Nurture | Debate of whether nature, biological/genetic predispositions' impact on human traits, or nurture, the influence of learning and other influences from one's environment, affects the development of a person's characteristics. |
| Psychiatry (Psychiatrists) | M.D.; a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders. Physicians who sometimes use medical (drug) treatments. |
| Clinical Psychologists | Ph.D in Psychology; Study, asses, and treat people with psychological disorders without the use of medical interventions. |
| Industrial-Organizational | I/O psychologists - optimize human behavior in the workplaces. Human factors - sub-field of I/O *How people and machines interact (e.x. Hands free phones while driving?) |
| Psychometrics | Study of the measurements of human abilities (e.x. SAT, personality tests, etc.)) |
| Margaret Washburn | First female PhD |
| Mary Calkins | First woman president of the APA |
| John Watson | Founder of Behaviorism |
| Sigmund Freud | Psychoanalytical approach; unconscious |
| William James | Functionalism |
| Francis Sumner | First African-American PhD in psych |
| Inez Prosser | First African-American female PhD in psych |
| G. Stanley Hall | First president of the APA |
| Hindsight Bias | We tend to believe, after learning an outcome, that we would have foreseen it. |
| Overconfidence | We tend to think we know more than we do. |
| Types of Descriptive Research (Non-Experimental) | The Case Study The Survey Naturalistic Observation |
| Case Studies | An in-depth picture of one or a few subjects. Tell us a great story... but it is just descriptive research. Could it be that the case is atypical? *"Ideal" case study: Duggar family |
| Survey Method | *Cheap and Fast *Easy Sampling *Low Response Rate *People Lie ***Wording Effects |
| Naturalistic Observation | "Watching" subjects in their natural environment. No manipulation. Negative - no cause and effect. |
| Correlational Method | Correlation expresses a relationship between two variables. *****************DOES NOT SHOW CAUSATION****************** Third Variable Problem: Another variable is responsible for the relationship. |
| Illusory Correlations | When we believe there is a relationship. (e.x. sugar = hyperactive children, cold + wet = a cold, weather change = arthritis) |
| Perceiving Order in Random Events | Assuming that certain random outcomes are more likely than other random outcomes (e.x. flipping coins, roulette wheel, choosing lottery numbers, etc.) |
| Positive Correlation | The variables go in the same direction (both inc or both dec) *e.x. Studying & Grades |
| Negative Correlation | The variables go in opposite directions (inc dec or dec inc) *e.x. Gaming & Grades |
| Correlation Coefficient | A number that measures the strength of a relationship. Range is from -1 to +1. The relationship gets weaker the closer you get to zero. *e.x. Which is a stronger correlation? -0.49 or +0.38 -> -0.49 |
| How to Read a Correlation Coefficient | r = +0.37 -> r = correlation coefficient; + or - indicates direction of the relationship; 0.37 indicates strength of relationship (0-1.00) |
| Correlation Graph Types | Perfect Positive, Perfect Negative, Moderate Positive, and Moderate Negative |
| Experimental Method | Looking to prove a casual relationship. *e.x. If smoking causes health problems |
| Hypothesis | Expresses a relationship between two variables; a TESTABLE prediction. A variable is anything that can vary among participants in a study. |
| Dependent Variable (the "effect") | Whatever is being measured in the experiment. It is dependent on the independent variable. |
| Independent Variable (aka the "cause") | Whatever is being manipulated in the experiment. Hopefully the independent variable brings about change. |
| Population | The group from which your participants were drawn from. |
| Experimental Group | Exposed to the Independent Variable |
| Control Group | Not exposed to the Independent Variable |
| Operational Definitions | Explain what you mean in your hypothesis. How will the variables be measured (quantified) in "real life" terms. Helps with replication. Any time emotion is dependent, you can survey *e.x. What counts as violence? What counts as a chocolate? |
| Sampling | The sample must be representative of the population you want to study. |
| Random Sample | Process of choosing the research participants from the population. Happens BEFORE assignment. |
| Random Assignment | Each participant has an equal chance of being placed into the control and experimental group (e.x. flip a coin to choose) |
| Beware of Confounding Variables | A confounding variable is anything that could cause change in the dependent variable that is not the independent variable. *e.x. Smoking causes heart disease -> Obesity, lifestyle, family history, etc. |
| Experimenter Bias | Another confounding variable. Not a "conscious" act. Double-Blind Procedure can be used to minimize/eliminate it. |
| Placebo Effect | Participants' expectations that the "treatment" will cause the hypothesized effect. |
| Normal Distribution | In a normal distribution, the mean, median, and mode are all the same. |
| Percentages | 68%, 95%, 99.7% |
| Distributions | Outliers skew distributions. If a group has one high score, the curve has a positive skew, and if it's a low outlier, the curve has a negative skew. Regression to the mean: if the outlier was done by change, they will regress back towards the mean. |
| Range | Distance from the highest to lowest scores. |
| Standard Deviation | The average variance of scores from the mean. The higher the variance or standard deviation, the more spread out the distribution is. Scientists want a small SD. |
| Inferential Statistics | Can the finding be applied to the larger population? P-Value = 0.05 or less for statistical significance (5% likely or lower that the results are due to chance) |
| P-Value | 0.05 or less for statistical significance. 95% or more sure that the IV caused change in the DV |
| APA (American Psychological Association) Ethical Guidelines for Research | IRB - Institutional Review Board (humans) IACUC - Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (animals) |
| IRB | Institutional Review Board (human focused) |
| IACUC | Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (animal focused) |
| Animal Research Rules | Clear scientific purpose Treat in a humane way Acquire animals legally Least amount of suffering possible (subjective) |
| Human Research Rules | No coercion (no force) Informed consent Protect from harm and discomfort (minimal risk) (subjective) Confidentiality Must debrief (especially in deception cases) |
Created by:
johnmkim2005
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