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Cog Psych Chp 1,2,3,
Fifth Edition
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| empiricists | knowledge comes from experience gained through the lifetime |
| nativists | knowledge based on inate characteristics of the brain |
| Berkeley, Humes, Mill | Internal representation |
| internal representation (3 types) | 1. direct sensory events, 2. events that are stored in the memory 3. transformation of these events |
| Introspection | Wundt/Titchener inlook on ones emotional or mental processes |
| Mental representations | Brenato - internal representations to be static entities of lil value in psychology |
| Intervening Variables | hypothetical constructs presumed to represent processes that mediated the effects of stimuli on behavior. |
| Tolman | Purposive Behavior in Animals and Men. "rats love of the land" |
| Ulrich Neisser | first cog psych textbook |
| Model | organizational framework used to describe processes |
| formalism | the rules underlying the model |
| Information processing | time-ordered sequence of events. cognition can be understood by analyzing in sequential stages. each stage receives info from preceding stages ad ten performs its unique function |
| Karl Lashey | removed specific parts of the brains of rats. |
| parallel distributed processing | small processes called units that are excitatory or inhibitory |
| operational definition | requires that you specify the concept precisely and explicitly |
| unit of analysis | primary entity and what is measured. ex, collecting IQ data on children. individual children is unit of analysis |
| psychophysics | scientific study btw stimuli and sensations and perceptions evoked by that stimuli |
| priming studies | a stimulus is briefly shown then another. some judgement regarding second stimulus. judgment on 2nd stimulus |
| semantic priming effect | activiating one itme that may be related to another the second will be enhanced |
| what science does not rely on? | intution, logic ex. ppl run into burning building for love, authority, case studies, introspection |
| goals of scientific method | 1. description 2. explanation 3. predicition |
| description scientific method | complete yet objective |
| explanation scientific method | theory accounts for all data/falsifiable |
| prediction scientific method | anticipate outcomes that will have implications for our lives |
| descriptive | 1. case studies. single in depth exploration 2. correlational studies - studies to variables that already exist |
| naturalistic observations | experimental. allows to examine causal link |
| True Experiment. Experimental Designs | study in which investigator manipulates one or more IV & examines effect on one or more DV's. participants randomly assigned. DIS. sacrifice external validity |
| IV | Manipulated variable |
| DV | Variable influenced by IV |
| Criteria for variables | must be operationally defined. measured by more scientists. quantifiable. reliable (consistent). validity (valid measure) |
| Demand characteristics | occur whenever the participants know the hypothesis. 1. cooperative - they behave in a way to confirm hypothesis 2. screw you. 3. defensive - evaluation apprehension |
| reality of nature | the cause of a behavior or event is not supernatural |
| Steps Scientific mehtod | 1. identify the problem. 2. design an experiment. 3. conduct an experiment 4. analyze the data 5. report the data |
| acetylcholine | NT - movement, learning memory. too lil Alzheimer's |
| endorphins | natures pain reliever, eating choc, exercise |
| serotonin | mood, sleep, hunger, arousal. |
| dopamine | movement, learning, attention, too much - schiz. too lil - parkin |
| GABA | eating, sleeping. ass w huntingtons disease |
| central nervous system | brain, corpus colosseum. kim peep was born w/ out corpus colosseum |
| brain stem | medulla, reticular formation. pons. cerebellum |
| medulla | heart rate. breathing. blood pressure |
| reticular formation | arousal (wake, conscious) |
| pons | important pathway |
| cerebellum | movement, coordination, balance, speech |
| forebrain | hippocampus, amygdala, thalmus, hypothalmus |
| hippocampus | important for forming new long-term declarative memories |
| antegrade | access to older memories AXCESS |
| retrograde | cant access old memories |
| amygdala | aggression, emotion |
| thalmus | relay station. sensory info. processed by thalmus except smell |
| hypothalmus | hunger thirst sleep and sexual arrousal, body temp |
| cerebral cortex | 2 hempisheres outer 3-4 mm cell bodies. topographically organized |
| occipital lobe | 1st stages of visual processing |
| partial lobes | integration of basica visual inputs. facial recognition |
| temperoal lobe | language (left) memory (right) auditory |
| frontal lobe | 30-40% of brain cortex. emotion personality, central executive, coordinate activeis, plan, judgements, attention decisions, inhibtion. last to develop but first to show aging |
| contra-laterality & specialization | finding that right brain controls left side of body |
| language | hemisphere |
| behavior techniques | study brain and function. lesion/stimulation - work with animals. work with brain of damaged patients. neuropsych testing with normal volunteers |
| neuroimagining techniques | static - mesaures (cat/MRI) looking at brain at rest of structure. dynamic - EEG/ERP, PET, fMRI. looking at brain in response to stimuli |
| dynamic | looking at brain in response to stimuli |
| static | looking at brain structure |
| 2 memory systems (amnesia patients) | declarative & implicity/non-declarative |
| declarative (amnesia) | using memory consciously & flexibly. names faces depends on hippocampus |
| implicit/non-declarative (amnesia) | unconscious, patient isnt aware but change in patients behavior. priming example. may get better at skill from previous engagement but doesn't remember doing it. previous experience aids in performance of a task |
| phineas gage | frontal lobe damage. |
| henry gustov molasion | anterograde amnesia (could not commit new events to long term memory). removes most of hippocampus. unable to form new memories. development of cognitive neuropsychology (structure and function of the brain relates to specific psychological processes. |
| clive wearing | anteriograde amnesia - start with headache then cant remeber daughters name and unable to project future "memento" |
| encephalitis | inflation of the hippocampus/menigitis |
| CT scan | static. 3d. XRAy of brain |
| MRI scan | detailed scan |
| EEG/EEP | EEG (best to determine how fast brain responds). non invasive. wear sensors on scalp. pick up electrical responses. ERP - not precise poor spatial resolution. can get rapid changes in electrical impulses. |
| pet scan | capatilizes on blood flow. inject radioactive isotope that binds to glucose. glucose needed for brain activity. precise with spatial. not good with timing |
| fMRI | uses magnetic fields to produce image of the structure of the brain. |
| reflex arc | descartes word for how we remove our hand from a fire |
| pituitary gland | master gland of endocrine system |
| cerebellum | coordinates fine muscle movement and balance |
| midbrain | reticular activating system carries messages about sleep and arousal |
| cerebral cortex | controls thinking and sensing functions, voluntary movement |
| waltar freeman | lobotomy |
| aggregate field study | brain more of a holistic organ. |
| broca | studied aphasia (difficulty speaking) and figured out it was of lose of the frontal lobe |
| two face combo (man right, women left) | says can see man verbally but when asked to identify the face the person picks the women - pictorial nature of right hempishere |
| computational brain | percieve info about the environment, attend to the world, and process info during inital stages |
| sensation | initial detection of energy from the physical world or stimuli. objective. data-driven that converts physical energy & chemical energy into neural impulses. subjective |
| perception | interpretation of the things we sense. subjective |
| vision | sensing a small section of electromagnetic waves referred to as light |
| lens | onion like. lots of layers. focuses light waves. accommodation. NOT sensation |
| retina | recognition of a pattern represented as 2D. visual sensory receptors. sensation (house for rods and cones) |
| visual pathway | after 2D image hits the retina passes through this. |
| visual cortex | where a 3D image is seen |
| transduction | sensation |
| rods | 125 mill in eye. scoptic vision (see when its dark) rhodspin - formation of photoreceptors of light. periphery location (NT released) |
| cones | 6-7 mill. photopic vision (vision in bright light). color/fine detail. iodospin (NT) in fovea |
| fovea | centralized part of the eye where cones are located |
| ganglion cells | long axons that are bundled travel through hole in retina called blind spot |
| trichromatic theory | mix versions of blue, green, red (3 diff cone types). explain things like after imaging. |
| opponent processing theory | accounts for mechanisms that receive and process information from cones. reports differences btw the processing in cones. |
| physical | frequency & amplitude |
| psychological experiences | pitch, and loudness |
| eardrum | important for hearing but not sensation |
| cochlea | basilar membrane - hair cells ( sensory receptor) for audition. |
| place theory (pitch) | hair cells at a particular place on the basilar membrane respond most to a particular frequency or sound. (can't explain very low freq) |
| volley theory (pitch) | firing rate of neuron matches a sound waves frequency. can tell uniqueness in tone. |
| how do we tell location of something? | 1. relative timing of hair cell responses. 2. right left (hits one first) 3. up down - one ear slightly higher then other |
| how do we detect volume? | 1. # of hair cells responding. - depends on amplitude of the wave |
| taste & smell | chemical senses. very interrelated. |
| sensory receptors | taste buds. texture matters |
| bottom up processing | basic features of stimulus are analyzed and combined to create perceptual experience |
| top down processing | some aspects guided by knowledge, expectations, & other psych factors. role of schemas and perceptual sets |
| absolute threshold (psychophysics) | smallest detectable level of a stimulus that can be reliably discriminated from no stimulus @ least 50% of the time. NOT always absolute |
| difference threshold | min diff btw 2 stimuli that a person can detect @ least 50% of the time. ex. change in radio station so rents happy but you dont care |
| factors that effect absolute/diff threshold | 1. chance variation. 2. stimulus intensity 3. sensory adaptation |
| chance variation (factors) | noise in the system influence sensitivity inside/outside |
| stimulus intensity | webers law - the greater the intestity of a stimulus. the larger the diff must be to detect a diff. must differ by constant proportion |
| stevens law | exponential diff. ex. if you have envelope with quart. can feel diff but can't feel the diff if add qtr to 5 lb weight |
| webers law | must increase stimulation by constant proportionate amount |
| sensory adaptation | our sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus diminishes. |
| illusions | reality and perception do not match |
| signal detection theory | how perceptual performance is based on expectations |
| luminance | moving from dark to light |
| labeled lines | nerves are connected to specific sensory function |
| lateral geniculate nucleus | transfer station of sorts |
| grandmother cell | a single neuron that fires when it receives visual signals constituting someone familiar to them |
| perceptual constancy (perceptual organization) | once you lock into a interpretation of a stimulus you stick with that interpretation. size constancy & shape constancy |
| perceptual set (perceptual organization) | our bias and expectations heavily influence what we see. ex. down syndrome thought he would be saying something sad |
| gestalt principles (perceptual organization) | gesalt (good form). interpret the world as a whole. double vision video. ex. colors of jerseys on football. proximity, similarity, continuity, texture, simplicity |
| proximity | items close appear to group together. two lines of dots we see as two lines bc of proximity |
| closure | we seek symmetry and close things to make them whole |
| continuity | we continue patterns after they physically stop |
| canonic perspective | views that best represent an object or are the images that first come to mind when you recall a form. |
| theories of object recognition | template matching, feature analysis, computational models/phototypes. some not absolute |
| template matching | older theory. compare stimuli with templates from our memory. you search your brain until you come up with that match. debunked - we can recognize new things (hair cuts, new handwritings) would get slower with lots of templates NOT TRUE |
| feature analysis | when we perceive objects we break them down & then recombine them. see the simpler featureswe recognize objects by identifying objects (distinctive features) prob. if letter is horizontal you still recognize it |
| distinctive features | these are compared to a stored list. |
| evidence for distinctive features | Gibson - ppl recognize R & T quicker then G & W. neuroscience - neurons are sensitive to certain orientations of lines. . |
| recognition of components | we recognize by components. all objects can be a set of 3D shapes called geons. we are sensitive to areas where deep concave angles form line intersections |
| evidence for recognition of components | beiderman - briefly flashes objects that were degraded then preserved geons. recoverable with geons |
| prototype matching/computational modeling | fundamental view of bird depends on experience. add weighted value to things as learn of new things. experience can effect our perception |
| prototype | abstraction of a set of stimuli that embodies similar forms of the same pattern. like how we view birds. robin vs penguin. does not emphasize a perfect match like template does |
| depth perceptions | monocular views - rely on one eye binocular views - relys on two eyes |
| monocular cues | relative size. bigger objects appear to be closer. height - higher things appear further away. Interposition - if A blocks B, A is closer. linear perspective - parallel lines seem to converge in the future. reduced clarity/textual grad/shadow |
| convergence/stereopsis | a depth cue resulting from the rotation of the eyes so that the image can be seen. angel of the eye can tell the depth of the object |
| binocular disparity | a depth cue bases on the diff btw the retinal images recieved by both eyes. aka retinal disparity. if diff btw two retinas is far - then far away. if diff btw two retinas is close then object is closer |
| attribute-frequency theory | The theory asserting that prototypes represent the mode of experienced combinations |
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