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Ch4 Sens/Perception
Sens/Perception
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Sensation | Process of receiving information through our sensory organs and delivering the electrical impulses to the brain |
| Sensory Neurons | Body to brain: types of neurons used in sensation and perception |
| Perception | electrical impulses delivered to the proper lobe where the impulses are interpreted for us in a form we understand |
| Receptor Cells | Sensory organ cells that receive the energy source for each sensory organ and transduce the energy source to electrical impulses |
| Transduction | When receptor cells take the energy source for each sense and change it to electrical impulses going to the brain |
| Light Waves | Energy source for vision |
| Sound Waves | Energy source for audition (hearing) |
| Chemical Molecules | Energy source for taste and smell |
| Blue Light Wave | Has the highest frequency and shortest wave length |
| Red Light Wave | Has the lowest frequency and longest wave length |
| sclera | white part of the eye, it protects it |
| cornea | First part of the eye that receives the light wave. It is curved and we don't want to scratch it |
| pupil | Opening in the eye |
| iris | Colored muscle (eye color) that opens and closes the pupil |
| Lens | Also curves the light while focusing on the object |
| Distal Stimulus | The object we are focused on for sight |
| Ciliary Body | Allow the lens to float and hold it in place |
| Retina | Part of the eye in the back where light wave energy is transduced to electrical impulses. Also attached to the optic nerve. Also contains the rods and cones |
| Fovea | Indentation in the retina that contains the cones and rods |
| Rods | Needed for night vision and deteriorate as we grow older |
| Cones | Allow us to see in color |
| Bipolar Cells | Located in the retina, they transduce the light wave to electrical impulse |
| Ganglion Cells | One million of these form the optic nerve to the brain |
| Afterimage | When we focus on a colored object for at least 3 minutes and see the opposite color on the color wheel: Red/Green Green/Red Blue/Yellow Yellow/Blue |
| Opponent Processing Theory | Four colors work together: red and green; and blue and yellow |
| Near sighted | If cornea is too curved, can't see far |
| Far sighted | If cornea isn't curved enough, can't see close |
| Astigmatism | Cornea has an irregular shape leading to child needing glasses at early age. 25% chance to inherit from a parent |
| Image Reversal | Occurs on the retina to imprint peripheral vision--optic lobe turns the image right side up and illustrates what we are focused on, as well as the peripheral points of view. |
| Hering | Researcher claiming the opponent processing theory in the late 1800s |
| Trichromatic Theory | We have only three cones: red, blue and green which all combine to make other colors |
| Young and Hemholtz | Trichromatic Theory in 1800s |
| Color Blindness | Red and green cones are not functioning--only see in mixture of blue and yellow. More males than females. |
| 15th Pair of Chromosomes | Responsible for eye color along with six other genetic markers |
| Feature Detectors | Receptors in the eye that can interpret separate colors, shapes, and locations |
| Parallel Processing | Allows us to see a number of objects and colors simultaneously |
| Sensory Adaptation | We get used to a certain sight, sound, smell, taste that would upset someone else who wasn't used to it |
| Audition | Professional Term for Hearing |
| Three characteristics of sound | Pitch, Timbre and Intensity |
| Pitch | How high or low the sound is. Measured in frequency by Herz--how many times did the sound vibrate per second |
| Timbre | The complexity of the sound: quality, intensity and richness |
| Intensity | How loud is the sound? Measured by amplitude of the wave via decibels |
| Threshold of pain | 140 decibels--a gunshot |
| Three major parts of the ear | Outer: the pinna, ear canal and eardrum Middle: three small bones--hammer, anvil, stirrup Inner: Contains fluid: Three semi-circular canals and Cochlea from which auditory nerve leads to the brain |
| Pinna | Exposed part of the ear |
| Ear Canal | Sound wave travels in the canal to the Ear Drum |
| Ear Drum | vibrates and sends wave to Middle Ear |
| Hammer, Anvil Stirrup | Three small bones in the middle ear that take the sound wave sent by the ear drum and all three vibrate to send the sound to the Inner ear. |
| Three semi-circular canals | Filled with fluid, the sound waves travel through the three loops and into the cochlea |
| Cochlea | Snail-like part filled with fluid and cilia that wave the sound waves through to the auditory nerve. |
| Auditory Nerve | Where transduction occurs taking the sound wave and changing it to electrical impulses where it goes to the proper lobe for interpretation to us. What are we hearing? |
| Eustachean Tube | Tube leading from the nose to the ear behind the ear drum. It is supposed to keep the middle ear at the right pressure and ventilate it. If children suck in mucous, it will accumulate in this tube behind the ear drum. Dr. will prescribe decongestant |
| Olfaction | Professional term for small |
| Cilia | Chemical molecules grab onto the small hairs in the nose and carry it up to the olfactory bulb. Transduction occurs in the cilia mucous before the olfactory bulb is reached. |
| Olfactory bulbs | Electrical impulses reach here before going to the Olfactory Nerve |
| Olfactory Nerve | Carries the electrical impulses to the cerebral cortex, bypassing the thalamus and parietal lobe--going straight to the temporal lobe for interpretation |
| Sense of smell | Directly related to sense of taste. If we have a cold, we will not be able to taste of food well. |
| Gustation | Professional term for taste |
| Sweet Taste | Babies are born with the tip of their tongue able to taste sweet like mother's breast milk or formula |
| Salty Taste | On both sides of tongue behind the tip. Babies need salt around 3 months old for muscle contraction and neuron development |
| Sour Taste | On both sides of tongue behind the salty taste area. Is the milk sour? |
| Bitter Taste | In back of tongue, it alerts babies that something tasting bitter might be poisonous--spit it out! |
| Umami and glutemate | Can taste beef, broth and gravies (savory sense) |
| Three senses that determine if we will taste something | Vision (appearance of food), taste and smell |
| Taste Buds | Located on the tongue, we have 4,000 |
| Salivation | Cleanses our palate |
| Somatosensation or the Cutaneous System | Professional terms for touch |
| Three receptors for touch | Pressure , temperature and pain |
| First layer | Pressure--is there something crawling on us? |
| Second layer | Changes in temperature |
| Third Layer | Pain |
| Pain sensory neurons | Travel up spinal cord, criss-cross at the medulla and eventually arrive at the opposite side of the Parietal lobe. If you hurt you right hand, the pain nerves will arrive at the left side of the parietal and vice versa. |
| Gate control theory | When pain neurons are going up the spinal cord to the brain, there is a thick fiber of neurons in the cord that open up like a gate to allow them to reach the brain quickly |
| Closing the gate so the pain stops? | Distraction. Anxiety or obsession will keep the fibers from closing down. |
| Kinesthetic Sense | Nerve endings in our joints alert us to where our body parts are. |
| Vestibular Sense | Sense of equilibrium determined by the inner ear semi-circular canals |
| How do we keep our balance? | Kinesthetic, vestibular and vision |
| Size constancy | Born with the ability to know size doesn't change but we must also experience it |
| Size constancy illusion | Ponzo illusion that the tracks of the train are getting more narrow. |
| Medieval Art | Two dimensional, body parts and size of people were not in proportion |
| Perspective Formula | Discovered by da Vinci, Renaissance artists were able to use the formula to represent size and depth |
| Last Supper | Renaissance Artist: daVinci illustrating perfect depth and size perception--post perspective formula |
| Caravaggio | Renaissance artist who mastered and taught light perspective via shadowing |
| Monet | Impressionist artist illustrating how the seasons and hours of the day change color via the light. Also illustrated reflection in his work with water |
| Gibson & Walk (1960) | Designed the Visual Cliff Experiment determining the average age that crawlers secure depth perception. Those w/o depth perception will crawl across the plexiglass to mom. Those with depth perception will stop at the plexiglass and cry. |
| Relative Size | An object's size will be relative to how far the distance is from our eye. For instance, an object on a mountain will appear much smaller, and get larger as it gets closer to us. |
| Texture gradient | The texture of an object will appear to disappear the farther away the object moves from our vision |
| Linear Perspective | Monocular view that parallel lines appear to become closer as we look at the depth. Example: RR track illusion |
| Vanishing Point | As the tracks of the RR track appear to be converging, they will appear to come together in one track |
| Aerial Perspective | The higher up we are (as in a plane or on a mountain), weather will affect our idea of the object's size below. |
| Phi Phenomenon | Illusion of movement when pages of a picture are flipped quickly |
| Gestalt Perception Processing | Top Down: we first see the whole picture and then the elements creating it. Saw the triangle first |
| Bottom Up Perception Processing | We first see the elements and then build them to see the whole object. Saw the pacmen first |
| Figure and Ground | Gestalt Principle #1: First see the object and then the background figure |
| Proximity | Gestalt Principle #2 The closer the elements are together, the quicker we will perceive them. Example: rows or columns? |
| Similarity | Gestalt Principle #4: Our brain loves to categorize things the same and different--danger is bias |
| Closure | Gestalt Principle #3: Our brains will close the gaps around an object and identify it--the zebra. With closure, gaps are all around the object |
| Simplicity | Gestalt Principle #5; Our brain will complete an unfinished object as in the rectangle |
| Law of Pragnanz | Good Form |
| Continuity | Gestalt Principle #6: Our brain prefers to follow the continuous line rather than veer off in another direction |
| Ambiguous Figure | Drawing of the old and young woman: not enough information to draw our eye to both figures without experience doing it |
| Muller-Lyer Illusion | Two lines with arrows in opposite direction: which straight line is longer? they are both the same length |
| Ponzo Illusion | RR track illusion. If lines the same length are drawn across the beginning of the tracks and then toward the back, the line at the back appears longer in length |
| Signal Detection Theory | Concerning how quickly our senses can detect the minimal difference in change |
| Absolute Threshold | The point at which a person can detect a change in stimulus from zero to change 50% of the time |
| JND (just Noticeable Difference) | The difference between the first detectable stimulus and the next detectable stimulus: Example: turn down the music! Some times the change in stimulus can mean our survival--we should then have a very low JND to identify the difference |
| Difference Threshold | Same as the JND |
| High JND | Takes us longer to detect what the change in stimulus is |
| Low JND | We can detect the change in stimulus quickly |
| Weber's Law | The JND increases or decreases in proportion to the amount of the initial stimulus (what is the stimulus in your environment) |
| Absolute Threshold for Vision | Seeing a candle flame on a clear night from 30 miles away ????? |
| Absolute Threshold for Hearing | The tick of a pocket watch from 20 feet away |
| Absolute Threshold for Smell | One drop of perfume in 1,000 square feet |
| Absolute Threshold for Taste | One Teaspoon of sugar in two gallons of water |
| Absolute threshold for touch | The wing of a bee dropped on your cheek from 2 cm away |
Created by:
lmckay
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