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The neuron
Questions based on the neuron. ~ Should be easy.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the structure of the neuron? | They have three distinct parts, including a cell body, axon, and dendrites. These parts help them to send and receive chemical and electrical signals. |
| What is the role of the myelin sheath? | An insulating layer, or sheath that forms around nerves, including those in the brain and spinal cord. It is made up of protein and fatty substances. This myelin sheath allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells. |
| How are neurotransmitters carried across synaptic clefts? | An electrical pulse causes neurotransmitters of various types to be released. They cross the cell membrane into the synaptic gap between neurons. These chemicals then bind to chemical receptors in the dendrites of the receiving (post-synaptic) neuron. |
| Contrast between sensory neurons and motor neurons. | The main function of sensory neurons is to send sensory signals from sensory organs to the central nervous system. Motor nerves are responsible for sending motor commands from the central nervous system to the sensory organs to initiate actions. |
| Explain why there are 'nodes of ranvier.' | Gaps in the myelin sheath coating on the neural axon. They allow for ions to diffuse in and out of the neuron, propagating the electrical signal down the axon. They allow for saltatory conduction, where the signal rapidly jumps from node to node. |
| What is the purpose of the nucleus? | An oval shaped membrane-bound structure found in the soma of the neuron. It contains the nucleolus and chromosomes, necessary for the coded production of proteins within the cell. The nucleolus of the nucleus produces ribosomes. |
| Why do dendrites have long, thin branches? | These fibers increase the surface area available for receiving incoming information. Dendrites are generally very thin appendages that get narrower as they extend further away from the soma. |
| What is the role of an axon? | A portion of a nerve cell (neuron) that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body. A neuron typically has one axon that connects it with other neurons or with muscle or gland cells. |
| What is the role of the cell body (or soma)? | The cell body carries genetic information, maintains the neuron's structure, and provides energy to drive activities. |
| What are interneurons? | They connect spinal motor and sensory neurons, as well as transfer signals between sensory and motor neurons. Interneurons can also communicate with each other, forming circuits of various complexity. |
| List the differences between a chemical impulse and an electrical impulse. | Most synapses are chemical; these synapses communicate using chemical messengers. Other synapses are electrical; in these synapses, ions flow directly between cells. |
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22JCHAL
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