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Psych Chs 13 & 14
Social Psychology & Psychological Disorders
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define Social Psychology. | the discipline that studies how we think about, influence, and relate to other people |
| What are 3 social problems? | -interpreting the behavior of others -behaving in the presence of others -establishing relations with others |
| Define Social Cognition. | how people use cognitive processes to make sense of other people and themselves |
| How do we build a first impression? | -physical appearance -social schemas -stereotypes |
| Define Social Schemas. | general knowledge structure; relates to social experiences or people |
| Define Stereotypes. | collection of beliefs and impressions held about a group and its members |
| For what kinds of groups do we typically hold stereotypes? | -race/ethnicity -gender -sexual orientation -nationality -religion |
| Define Prejudice. | occurs when groups and their members are evaluated in a negative way |
| Define Explicit Prejudice. | refers to negative attitudes about a group that are consciously endorsed |
| Define Implicit Prejudice. | refers to prejudicial thoughts that come to mind unintentionally and may not be consciously recognized or controllable |
| Define Discrimination. | occurs when those beliefs lead to behaviors that are directed against members of the group |
| Define Attributions. | inference processes people use to assign cause and effect to behavior |
| Define External Attribution. | attributing the cause of a person's behavior to an external event or situation in the environment |
| Give an example of external attribution. | Ira is ONLY happy after going to the gym |
| Define Internal Attribution. | attributing the cause of a person's behavior to an internal personality trait or disposition |
| Give an example of internal attribution. | Ira is basically a happy guy |
| Define Fundamental Attribution Error. | we tend to overestimate influence of personal factors and underestimate the role of external or situational factors |
| Define Actor-Observer Effect. | tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal sources and attribute our own behavior to external sources |
| Define Self-Serving Bias. | make internal attributions about one's own behavior when it comes to positive outcomes and blame external factors when it's a negative outcome |
| Define Attitudes. | positive or negative evaluation or belief held about something, which in turn affects one's behavior |
| How are attitudes formed? | through experience and learning, including classical conditioning, operational conditioning, and observational learning |
| What is the Elaboration Likelihood Model? | proposes two routes to attitude change -central route operates when people are motivated, focused on message -peripheral is used when people are unmotivated/unable to process message |
| Define Cognitive Dissonance. | the tension produced when people act in a way that is inconsistent with their attitudes; leads to more general theory |
| What is the Self-Perception Theory? | we form beliefs by observing our own behavior |
| What is the Foot-in-the-Door Technique? | acceptance of small requests leads to later acceptance of larger requests |
| What is the Lowball Technique? | first propose an attractive offer that will be accepted -encourage commitment -make it clear that the decision is theirs -change the agreement to what you really want - there may be complaints, but person is likely to accept |
| Define Social Influence. | study of how the behaviors and thoughts of individuals are affected by the presence of others |
| Define Social Facilitation. | the enhancement in performance that is sometimes found when an individual performs in the presence of others |
| Define Social Interference. | the impairment in performance that is sometimes found when an individual performs in the presence of others |
| What is the Bystander Effect? | reluctance to come to the aid of a person in need when other people are present |
| Define Diffusion of Responsibility. | the more people that are around, the less likely we are to take responsibility |
| Define Altruism. | acting in a way that shows unselfish concern for the welfare of others |
| Define Social Loafing. | tendency to put out less effort when working in a group compared to when working alone |
| Define Deindividuation. | loss of individuality that comes from being in a group |
| Define Conformity. | tendency to comply with the wishes of the group |
| Define Ostracism. | refers to being excluded or ignored by the group |
| Define Group Polarization. | tendency for a group's dominant point of view to become stronger, more extreme with time |
| Define Groupthink. | tendency for members to become so interested in seeking consensus that they ignore or suppress dissenting views |
| Define Obedience. | form of compliance that occurs when people respond to orders of an authority figure |
| What is Milgram's Experiment? | tested the predisposition of people to obey orders |
| Define the Evolutionary Perspective of Attractiveness. | attractiveness relates to how healthy a person is (and ultimately, to mate choice) |
| Define Prototypicality of Attractiveness. | "averaged" faces are especially attractive |
| What are the determinants of liking and loving? | -proximity -similarity -reciprocity |
| Define Proximity. | likelihood of becoming friends strongly determined by how close by someone lives |
| Define Similarity. | friends typically resemble each other |
| Give an example of similarity. | -social status -age -education -politics |
| Why do we choose people that are similar to us? | -they validate our beliefs -tend to dislike people who hold different views |
| Define Reciprocity. | tendency to return in kind feelings that are shown toward us |
| What are the two kinds of romantic love? | -passionate -companionate |
| Define Passionate Love. | powerful longing to be with a specific person |
| Define Companionate Love. | feelings of trust and companionship |
| What is Sternberg's Triangle View of Love? | love is composed of three major dimensions: passion, intimacy, and commitment |
| Define Infatuated Love according to Sternberg's Triangle. | high passion, low intimacy, and low commitment |
| Define Liking (Friendship) according to Sternberg's Triangle. | low passion, high intimacy, and low commitment |
| Define Empty Love according to Sternberg's Triangle. | low passion, low intimacy, and high commitment |
| Define Romantic Love according to Sternberg's Triangle. | high passion, high intimacy, and low commitment |
| Define Companionate Love according to Sternberg's Triangle. | low passion, high intimacy, and high commitment |
| Define Fatuous Love according to Sternberg's Triangle. | high passion, low intimacy, and high commitment |
| Define Statistical Deviance. | behavior occurs infrequently among population |
| Define Cultural Deviance. | a behavior violates the rules/standards of society |
| Define Emotional Distress. | behaviors lead to emotional distress |
| Define Dysfunction. | a breakdown in normal functioning; prevent one from pursuing adaptive strategies |
| Define Insanity. | a legal term defined as the inability to understand that certain actions are wrong at the time of a crime |
| What is the Medical Model of Abnormality as a Disease? | view that abnormal behavior is symptomatic of underlying "disease" that can be "cured" with appropriate therapy |
| Define Diagnostic Labeling Effects. | labels for psychological problems can become self-fulfilling prophecies |
| Define Common Anxiety Disorders. | marked by excessive apprehension, worry that impairs normal functioning |
| Give examples of Psychological Disorders. | -DSM -Common Anxiety Disorder -Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) -Somatic Symptom Disorders -Dissociative Disorders -Depressive and Bipolar Disorders -Schizophrenia -Common Personality Disorders -Social Anxiety Disorders |
| Describe Common Anxiety Disorders. | marked by excessive apprehension, worry that impairs normal functioning |
| Give examples of Common Anxiety Disorders. | -Generalized Anxiety Disorder -Panic Disorder -Agoraphobia -Phobic Disorder -Social Anxiety Disorder |
| Describe Generalized Anxiety Disorder. | "free-floating" anxiety, chronic worrying lasting over 6 months; unrealistic worries; muscle tension; fatigue; easily irritated; difficulty sleeping |
| Describe Panic Disorder. | recurrent discrete episodes or attacks of extremely intense fear or dread; many physical symptoms such as chest pains |
| Describe Agoraphobia. | fear of public places; associated with panic disorder |
| Describe Phobic Disorder. | highly focused, irrational fear of a specific object or situation |
| Describe Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). | persistent, uncontrollable thoughts (obsessions); compelling need to perform repetitive acts (compulsions) |
| Give examples of other OCDs. | -Trichotillomanic: hair pulling -Excoriation: skin picking -Hoarding Disorder |
| Describe Somatic Symptom Disorders. | psychological disorders that focus on the physical body |
| Give examples of Somatic Symptom Disorders. | -Illness Anxiety Disorder -Conversion Disorder |
| Describe Illness Anxiety Disorder. | long-lasting preoccupation with idea that one has a serious disease, based on misinterpretation of normal body reactions |
| Describe Conversion Disorder. | real physical or neurological impairments that seem to have no physical cause |
| Describe Dissociative Disorders. | characterized by separation, or dissociation, of conscious awareness from previous thoughts or memories |
| Give examples of Dissociative Disorders. | -Dissociative Amnesia -Dissociative Fugue |
| Describe Dissociative Amnesia. | inability to remember important personal information; generally psychological in origin |
| Describe Dissociative Fugue. | loss of personal identity, often accompanied by a flight from home |
| Describe Depressive Disorders. | individual suffers mainly from depression; common brief experience |
| Describe Major Depressive Episode. | more than being sad - literally a different worldview |
| A person with Major Depressive Episodes will have 5 or more of these symptoms for at least 2 weeks: | -depressed mood for most of the day -loss of interest in normal daily activities -significant weight change -change in activity level -daily fatigue or loss of energy -trouble concentrating or making decisions -suicidal thoughts |
| Describe Dysthymic Disorder. | the depressive symptoms are milder and less disruptive than major depressive disorder but more chronic |
| Describe Bipolar Disorders. | mood swings between depression and extreme highs called manic states |
| Describe Manic State. | person becomes hyperactive, talkative, decreased need for sleep |
| What are the risk factors of Suicide? | -mood disorders -prior attempts -suicidal thoughts |
| Describe Schizophrenia. | fundamental disturbances in thought processes, emotion and/or behavior |
| What are the Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia? | -Delusions -Hallucinations -Disorganized Speech -Catatonia -the thoughts of people with schizophrenia tend to be loosely connected and idiosyncratic |
| Describe Delusions. | thoughts with inappropriate content |
| Describe Hallucinations. | experiencing something that isn't there |
| Give examples of Disorganized Speech. | -Tangentiality -Derailment -Neologisms -Clanging |
| Describe Tangentiality. | explorations of unrelated topics |
| Describe Derailment. | getting "side tracked" with other points |
| Describe Neologisms. | creation of new words |
| Describe Clanging. | preference for rhyming or similar sounding words |
| Describe Catatonia. | holding an odd or bizarre position for hours at a time |
| What are the Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia? | -elimination or reduction of normal behavior -flat affect |
| Describe Flat Affect. | -little or no emotion -refusal to participate in daily activities or social activities |
| What are the Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia? | -difficulty with working memory -difficulty absorbing and integrating information |
| Describe Common Personality Disorders. | chronic, enduring patterns of behavior leading to significant impairment in social functioning |
| Give examples of Common Personality Disorders. | -Narcissistic Personality Disorder -Antisocial Personality Disorder -Borderline Personality Disorder |
| Describe Narcissistic Personality Disorder. | exaggerated sense of entitlement; leads to excessive attempts to attract and be the focus of attention |
| Describe Antisocial Personality Disorder. | little respect for social laws, customs or norms |
| Describe Social Anxiety Disorder. | extreme anxiety in everyday social situations, often accompanied by physical symptoms |
| What is Acrophobia? | fear of heights |
| What is Agoraphobia? | fear of certain places and situations that the person believes is difficult to escape from, such as open spaces and public transport |
| What is Ailurophobia? | fear of cats |
| What is claustrophobia? | fear of enclosed spaces |
| What is Cynophobia? | fear of dogs |
| What is Dromophobia? | fear of crossing streets |
| What is Gerascophobia? | fear of growing older or ageing |
| What is Hematophobia? | fear of blood |
| What is Iatrophobia? | fear of doctors |
| What is Laliophobia? | fear of speaking |
| Describe Biological Factors. | include physical problems with the body, brain, as well as genetic influences |
| Describe Neurotransmitter Imbalances. | dopamine excess and also issues with glutamate, GABA, and serotonin in schizophrenia; monoamines involved in mood disorders, but exactly how is less clear |
| Describe Environmental Factors. | culture, classical conditioning, observational learning |
| Describe the Role of Culture. | -a culture that emphasizes thinness may predispose you to anorexia nervosa -cultural background may influence the kinds of delusions seen in schizophrenia |
Created by:
ktarmogum
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