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Psychology Chs 1-3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is applied psychology? | apply psychology to problems in the real world |
| Examples of applied psychologists | clinical psychologists, counseling psychologists, psychiatrists |
| Who is William James? | (1842-1910) functionalist; studied the function of immediate conscious experience |
| What do the terminal buttons do? | release chemicals called neurotransmitters |
| What is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)? | magnetic coil placed over the head and uses an electromagnetic field and provides enough energy to create an action potential; safe and noninvasive |
| 3 Study Tips | 1) Don't reread your notes 2) Practice retrieval 3) Space your learning (DO NOT CRAM) |
| Define psychology. | scientific study of behavior and mind |
| What are the 3 main types of psychologists? | clinical, applied, research |
| What is clinical psychology? | diagnose and treat psychological problems in clinics; private practice |
| What is a psychiatrist? | medical doctor specializing in psychological problems that can prescribe medications |
| Examples of applied psychologists | school psychologists, industrial/organizational psychologists |
| What is the origin of psychology? | the union of philosophy and physiology |
| What is nativism? | certain kinds of knowledge are inborn (Kant, Schopenhauer) (nature) |
| Who invented the first psychology lab? | Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) |
| Who are John B Watson and B.F. Skinner? | behavioralists; study the problems with introspection |
| What are the 4 main steps of scientific investigation? | 1) Observe 2) Detect Regularities 3) Generate a Hypothesis 4) Observe (Test Hypothesis) |
| What percent of the brain do we use? | 100% |
| What is afferent? | sensory information; messages to the CNS |
| What are the autonomic functions of the body? | heart rate, digestion, glands |
| What is the sympathetic system? | flight or flight; faster to react (alert) |
| What is the parasympathetic system? | calms you down; conserves energy |
| What is the language of the brain? | electro-chemical |
| What is the soma? | main body of the cell; information is processes here |
| What are inhibitory messages? | hyperpolarization; cell becomes more negatively charged |
| What is an antagonist? | block the action of neurotransmitters |
| What is a neuromodulator? | increase/decrease effectiveness of other neurotransmitters |
| What is Broca's area? | motor speech area; produces speech |
| What type of research is the example of Phineas Gage? | case study |
| What are electrodes or chemical injections? | use primarily in animals |
| What is Electroencephalograph (EEG)? | monitors electrical activity of brain via electrodes attached to the scalp; can see exactly WHEN something happens but can't see WHERE something happens |
| What is Position Emission Tomography (PET)? | patient injected with radioactive substance; measures how quickly areas of the brain absorb the substance |
| What is Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)? | uses magnetic fields and radio-wave pulses to make 3-D maps of the brain |
| What is the midbrain? | Main function: "relay stations"; coordinates sensory information |
| What is the forebrain? | Main function: "higher mental processes" Structures: cerebral cortex - outer covering; thalamus - sensory relay; limbic system - amygdala (emotion), hippocampus (memory), hypothalamus (motivated behavior) |
| What is the occipital lobe? | vision; subdivided into different visual processing areas; some respond to movement, some to color, some to shape |
| What is the temporal lobe? | language and auditory perception; Wernicke's area; language comprehension; hippocampus; critical for memory formation |
| Examples of research psychologists | behavioral neuroscientists; personality psychologists; cognitive psychologists; developmental psychologists; social psychologists |
| Who is Edward Titchener? | (1867-1927) structuralist; studied the structure of the mind by breaking it down into elementary parts; systematic introspection; analyze elements of sensations and feelings |
| What are operational definitions: | they define concepts in terms of measurements |
| What is efferent? | motor information; messages from the CNS |
| What is the rate law? | variations in the intensity of a stimulus are represented by variations in the rate at which the axon fires |
| Examples of excitatory neurotransmitters | Glutamate: helps with memory Acetylcholine: involved in triggering muscles to contract |
| What is the frontal lobe? | motor cortex; planning, decision making, personality |
| What is research psychology? | conduct basic research to understand mind and behavior |
| What are the two philosophical positions? | Empiricism and Nativism |
| What is empiricism? | knowledge comes from our day-to-day experiences (Aristotle, Locke, Hume) (nurture) |
| Who is Sigmund Freud? | (1856-1939) psychoanalysis; believed some physical problems have psychological causes; established early methods for treating psychological disorders; studied the unconscious mind (conflicts, memories, outside of awareness) |
| Define culture | shared values, customs, and beliefs of a group |
| What are the different types of research? | 1) Descriptive 2) Correlation 3) Experimental |
| What is descriptive research? | observe and describe behavior |
| What is correlation research? | tells us whether two variables vary together systematically; allows us to predict behavior |
| What is experimental research? | actively manipulating the environment in order to observe effects on behavior |
| What do dendrites do? | receive information from other neurons |
| What does the axon do? | transmits information electrically |
| What are excitatory messages? | depolarization; cell loses the negative charge |
| Examples of inhibitory neurotransmitters | Dopamine: involved in schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease Serotonin: involved in sleep and dreaming Gamma-Amino-Butyric Acid (GABA): involved in regulating anxiety |
| What is Wernicke's area? | language comprehension |
| What is Computerized Tomography Scan (CT Scan)? | creates 3-D image of the brain; uses highly focused xrays; accurate physical "slices" of the brain |
| What is Function Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)? | used to study changes over time |
| What is the hindbrain? | Main function: "life support" Substructures: medulla and pons - reflexes, heart rate, respiration, blood pressure Reticular Formation: sleep and arousal Cerebellum: complex movements - body, balance, coordination |
| What is the parietal lobe? | attention; somatosensory cortex; sense of touch |
Created by:
ktarmogum
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