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Ch 4 Critical Cognit
THiNK
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| KNOWLEDGE | information or experience we believe to be true and for which we have justification or evidence. |
| META-ANALYSIS | how you think and evaluate evidence. know of social and cognitive errors in thinking to arrive at a logical conclusion |
| RATIONALISM | most human knowledge and truth are derived from reason. Plato |
| EMPIRICISM | truth and knowledge are derived through empirical evidence collected by our physical senses. |
| IMMANUEL KANT | German philosopher, rejected both rationalism and empiricism. Our brain structure interprets reality using experiences. |
| EVIDENCE | something that tends to prove or disprove a particular view. |
| FALSE MEMORY SYNDROME | brains create false memories of events that we believe are real memories, due to passing of time, language, external factors |
| HEARSAY | evidence heard by one person and repeated to others |
| ANECDOTAL EVIDENCE | from personal testimony, unreliable due to inaccurate memory, humans tend to exaggerate or distort information |
| EXPERTS' CREDIBILITY | based on education, experience, reputation, accomplishments |
| FALLACY OF APPEAL TO INAPPROPRIATE AUTHORITY | unqualified expert can't be expert on a different field. Ex. Michael Phelps can't assert that drinking milk made him have strong bones. |
| EVALUATE CLAIMS | look for accurate, unbiased, complete evidence to support a claim |
| CRAAP Test | Test for valuable information- Currency, Relevance, Authority, Accuracy, Purpose |
| COGNITIVE ERROR | neurological error in thinking |
| PERCEPTUAL ERROR | error in perceiving the event, like misperception of random data, memorable events error, probability error, self-serving biases, self-fulfilling prophecies. |
| MISPERCEPTION OF RANDOM DATA | Our brains try to understand what we see (clouds, Martian canals are optical illusions) |
| Memorable Events Error | we remember something catastrophic or monumental and that impacts our ability to think critically (confirmation bias) |
| GAMBLER'S ERROR | misunderstanding random nature of probability |
| SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY | "Our exaggerated or distorted expectations reinforces actions that result in expected event” (p. 122) |
| SELF-SERVING BIASES | Stop us from knowing the truth Misperception of being in control Overestimate ourselves Exaggerate our strengths and minimize weaknesses Cliché “You can do anything you want if you put your mind to it” |
| DIFFUSION OF RESPONSIBILITY | you will help another if not in a group setting. no one helps someone in need of help because of group pressure, conformity, stereotyping, social expectations |
Created by:
ccyndimolina
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