Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
CPSY UNIT 11 2019
Mr. Stickler's Liberty Christian C. Psych "Deductive Reasoning" TST 2019
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does "deductive reasoning" involve? | This involves starting with a specific premise(s) that are true, and judging whether this/these premise(s) allow you to draw a conclusion based on the principles of logic. |
| What is the "dual - process theory"? | This distinguishes between two (2) types of cognitive processing. |
| What is "type I processing"? | This is fast and automatic processing that requires little conscious attention. |
| What is an example of "type I processing"? | An example of this is when we process depth perception, recognition of facial expression, and automatic stereotyping. |
| What is "type II processing"? | This is relatively slow and controlled, requires focused attention, and is typically more accurate. |
| What is an example of "type II processing"? | An example of this is when we think of exceptions to a general rule or when we realize that we made a stereotyped response. |
| What are "conditional reasoning tasks"? | These "describe the relationship between conditions". |
| What is one (1) example of a "conditional reasoning task"? | 1.) If a child is allergic to peanuts, then eating them produces a breathing problem; 2.) A child has a breathing problem; 3.) Therefore, the child has eaten peanuts. |
| What does the term "syllogism" mean/ refer to? | This "consists of two (2) statements that we must assume to be true, plus a conclusion. |
| What is one (1) example of a "syllogism"? | 1.) Some psychology majors are friendly people; 2.) Some friendly people are concerned about poverty; 3.) Therefore, some psychology majors are concerned about poverty. |
| Complete the following sentence: "Syllogisms refer to quantities, so they use words like ___________________________________________." | All, none, some, and other similar terms. |
| What is "propositional calculus"? | This is a system for categorizing the four kinds of reasoning used in analyzing propositions or statements. |
| What are the four (4) kinds of reasoning tasks? | 1.) Affirming the Antecedent; 2.) Affirming the Consequent; 3.) Denying the Antecedent; 4.) denying the Consequent. |
| What are "antecedents"? | These are the first propositions or statements and they are contained in the "if" part of the sentence. |
| What are "consequents"? | These are the second part of propositions and they are contained in the "then" part of the sentence. |
| Give one (1) example of an "If . . . then" statement. | One example of this is, "If plants grow when you water them, then they will NOT grow if you DON'T water them". |
| When does the "belief-bias effect" occur? | This occurs in reasoning when people make judgements based on prior beliefs and general knowledge, rather than the rules of logic. |
| What is one (1) problem with abstract reasoning problems? | One (1) problem with these is that people are more accurate when they solve reasoning problems that use concrete examples about everyday categories, rather than abstract, theoretical examples. |
| What group of people is more likely to be susceptible to the "belief-bias effect"? | The group of people more likely to be effected by this are people who score low on intelligence tests. |
| What is the "confirmation bias"? | This states that people would rather try to confirm or support a hypothesis than try to disprove it. |
| What happens when we use the "representative heuristic"? | When we use this, we judge that a sample is likely if it is similar to the population from which this sample was selected. |
| Give one (1) example of how the "representative heuristic" works. | One example of this is if we buy something at the store and the total is $21.97. We believe that this is the correct total because it is "random - looking". If the total was $22.22, we're more likely to question it. |
| What is the "small sample fallacy"? | According to this, people assume that a small sample will be representative of the population from which it was selected. |
| When do we commit the "base-rate fallacy"? | We commit this when we emphasize representativeness. |
| How does the "base-rate fallacy" work? | In this, we pay too little attention to important information about base rate. |
| What does the term "base rate" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to how often an item occurs in the population. |
| According to researchers Kahneman and Tversky, what do people rely on when judging category membership? | According to Kahneman and Tversky, people rely on representativeness when they do this. |
| When do people commit the "conjunction fallacy"? | People commit this when they judge the probability of the conjunction of two (2) events to be greater than the probability of either constituent event. |
| When do people use the "availability heuristic"? | People do this when they judge frequency by assessing whether they can easily retrieve relevant examples from memory or whether this memory retrieval is difficult. |
| What does the "conjunction rule" state? | This states that the probability of the conjunction of two (2) events cannot be larger than the probability of either of its constituent events. |
| What is one (1) example of a situation in which the "conjunction rule" operates? | One example of this is the idea that "the number of murders last year in Detroit cannot be greater than the number of murders last year in Michigan". |
| When does the "recognition heuristic" operate? | This operates when you must compare the relative frequency of two categories |
| What does the term "illusory correlation" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to the situation in which people believe that two (2) variables are statistically related, even though there is no actual evidence for this relationship. |
| What does the term "social cognition approach" state? | This approach states that stereotypes can be traced to our normal cognitive processes. |
| What does the "anchoring and adjustment heuristic" refer to? | This refers to the phenomenon that occurs when we begin with a first approximation, which serves as an anchor, then we make adjustments to that number based on additional information. |
| What does the "framing effect" demonstrate? | This demonstrates that the outcome of our decisions can be influenced by two (2) factors: 1.) the background context of the choice; 2.) the way in which a question is worded or framed. |
| When does the "hindsight bias" occur? | This occurs when an event has happened and we say that the event was "inevitable" and that we "knew it all along". |
| What is the difference between "sacrificers" and "maximizers"? | "Sacrificers" make decisions quickly while "maximizers" agonize over their decisions. |
| What does the "default heuristic" state? | This states that if there is a standard option, then people will choose it. |
| What does the term "ecological rationality" describe? | This describes how people create a wide variety of heuristics to help themselves make useful, adaptive decisions in the real world. |
Created by:
sticklerpjpII
Popular Psychology sets