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Psychology 11
Chapter 11
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Personality | The unique collection of attitudes, emotions, thoughts, habits, impulses, and behaviors that define how a person typically behaves across situations. |
| Psychoanalytic perspective | A personality approach developed by Freud that sees personality as the product of driving forces within a person that are often conflicting and sometimes unconscious. |
| Conscious level | The level consciousness that holds all the thoughts, perceptions, and impulses, of which we are aware. |
| Preconscious level | The level of consciousness that holds thoughts, perceptions, and impulses, of which we could potentially be aware. |
| Unconscious level | The level of awareness that contains all the thoughts, perceptions, and impulses, of which we are unaware. |
| Id | The unconscious part of the personality that seeks pleasure and gratification. |
| Pleasure principle | The basis on which the id operates; to feel good and maximize gratification. |
| Ego | The conscious part of the personality that attempts to meet the demands of the id in a socially appropriate way. |
| Reality principle | The basis on which the ego operates; finding socially appropriate means to fulfill id demands. |
| Superego | The part of the personality that represents your moral conscience. |
| Oral stage | Freud's first psychosexual stage of development, which occurs during the first year of life, in which the handling of the child's feeding experiences affects personality differences. |
| Anal stage | Freud's second psychosexual stage, which occurs from approximately 18 months to 3 years of age, in which the parents' regulation of the child's biological urge to expel or retain feces affects personality development. |
| Phallic stage | Freud;s third psychosexual stage of development, which occurs between ages 3 and 6, in which the boys experience the Oedipus complex and little girls the Electra complex. |
| Oedipus complex | In the male, an unconscious sexual urge for the mother that develops during the phallic stage. |
| Electra complex | In the female, an unconscious sexual urge for the father that develops during the phallic psychosexual stage. |
| Latency stage | Freud's fourth psychosexual stage of development, which occurs from around age of 6 to puberty, in which the child's sexuality is suppressed due to widening social contacts with school, peers, and family. |
| Genital stage | Freud's final psychosexual stage of development, which occurs during puberty, in which sexual energy is transferred toward peers of the other sex or same sex. |
| Personal unconscious | According to Jung, the part of the unconscious that consists of forgotten memories and repressed experiences from one's past. |
| Collective unconscious | According to Jung, the part of the unconscious that contains images and material universal to people all time periods and cultures. |
| Archetypes | According to Jung, mental representations of symbols themes and predispositions to respond to the world in a certain way that are contained in the collective unconscious. |
| Basic anxiety | According to Horney, the feeling of helplessness that develops in children from early relationships. |
| Trait approach | A personality perceptive that attempts to describe personality by emphasizing internal, biological aspects of personality called traits. |
| Trait | Tendency to behave in a certain way across most situations. |
| Central traits | According to Allport, those tendencies we have to behave in a certain way across most situations. |
| Secondary traits | According to Allport, the tendencies we have that are less consistent and describe how we behave in certain situations. |
| Cardinal traits | According to Allport, those dominant elements of our personality that drive all of our behaviors. |
| Surface traits | According to Cattell, basic traits that describe people's personalities. |
| Source traits | According to Cattell, universal tendencies that underlie and are at the core of surface traits. |
| Introversion | Personality traits that involve energy directed inward, such as being calm or peaceful. |
| Extraversion | Personality traits that involve energy directed outward, such as being easygoing, lively, or excitable. |
| Neuroticism | The degree to which one is emotionally unstable. |
| Psychoticism | The degree to which one is hostile, nonconforming, impulsive, and aggressive. |
| Five factor theory | Costa and McCrae's trait theory that proposes five core dimensions to personality: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. |
| PEN | According to Eysenck, there are only three basic traits: psychoticism, extraversion, and neuroticism. |
| Person-situation interaction | The influence of the situation on the stability of traits; when in the same situation, we display similar behavior, but when the situation is different, behavior may change. |
| Social cognitive approach | A personality perspective that emphasizes the influence of one's thoughts and social experiences in formulating personality. |
| Reciprocal determinism | According to Bandura, the constant interaction among one's behavior, thoughts, and environment determines personality. |
| Self-efficacy | The expectation that one has for success in a given situation. |
| Locus of control | The expectation of control we have over the outcome of an event; an internal locus expects some degree of personal control, whereas an external locus expects little personal control. |
| Humanistic approach | A personality perspective that emphasizes the individual, personal choice, and free will in shaping personality; assumes that humans have a built-in drive toward fulfilling their own natural potential. |
| Self-actualization | The fulfillment of one's natural potential. |
| Actualizing tendency | According to Rogers, the natural drive in humans to strive for fulfillment and enhancement. |
| Self-concept | One's perception or image of his or her abilities and uniqueness. |
| Unconditional positive regard | Acceptance and love of another's thought and feelings without expecting anything in return. |
| Reliability | The degree to which a test yields consist measurements of a trait. |
| Validity | The degree to which a test measures the trait that it was designed to measure. |
| Personality inventory | Objective paper-and-pencil self-report form that measures personality on several dimensions. |
| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) | A personality inventory that is designed to identify problem areas of functioning in a person's personality |
| Projective test | A less structured and subjective personality test in which an individual is shown an ambiguous stimulus and is asked to describe what he or she sees. |
| Rorschach inkblot test | A projective personality test consisting of 10 ambiguous inkblots in which a person is asked to describe what he or she sees; the person's responses are then coded for consistent themes and issues. |
| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) | A projective test consisting of a series of pictures in which the respondent is asked to tell a story about each scene; the responses are then coded for consistent themes and issues. |
| Clinical interview | The initial meeting between a client and a clinician asks to identify the difficulty in functioning that the person is experiencing. |
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cpruett8
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