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McCrary Unit 12
AP Psychology Motivation and Emotion Unit, 18-19 fall class
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| motivation | a need or desire that energizes or directs behavior |
| instinct | a complex, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species |
| drive-reduction theory | the idea that a physiological need creates an arousal tension state(drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy that need |
| homeostasis | a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect such as body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level |
| incentive | a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior |
| Yerkes-Dodson law | the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases |
| hierarchy of needs | Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must be satisfied before higher level safety needs and then psychological needs become active |
| glucose | the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger |
| set point | the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lower metabolic rate may act to respite the lost weight |
| basal metabolic rate | the body's resting rate of energy expenditure |
| sexual response cycle | the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson- excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution |
| refractory period | a resting period on which after an orgasm a man cannot immediately achieve another orgasm |
| sexual dysfunction | a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning |
| estrogens | sex hormones such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts in females than by males, and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity |
| testosterone | the most important of of the male sex organs . Both males and females have it but additional testosterone in males promotes the growth of male sex organs in the fetus and development of the male sex characteristics during puberty |
| ostracism | social exclusion, sometimes used to control human behavior(isolation, imprisonment) |
| insecure anxious attachment | constantly craving acceptance but remaining vigilant to signs of possible rejection |
| insecure avoidant attachment | feeling discomfort over getting close with others that they employ avoidant studying strategies to maintain distance |
| emotion | a response of the whole organism, involving 1)physiological arousal, 2)expressive behaviors, 3) conscious experience |
| James Large Theory | the theory that our experience of emotions is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion arousing stimuli |
| Cannon Bard theory | the theory that our emotion arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers 1) physiological responses and 2) the subjective experience of emotion |
| two-factor theory | the Schacter Singer theory that to experience emotion one must 1) be physically aroused and 2) cognitively label the arousal |
| polygraph | a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses(such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes) accompanying emotion |
| empathy | the ability to identify with others and imagine what it must be like to walk in their shoes |
| health psychology | a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine |
| stress | the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging |
| general adaptation syndrome(GAS) | Seyle's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases: alarm, resistance, exhaustion |
| tend and befriend | under stress, people(especially women) often provide support to others(tend) and bond with and seek support from others(befriend) |
| psychophysiological illness | literally, "mind-body" illness; any stress related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches |
| psychoneuroimmunology | the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together effect the immune system, resulting health |
| lymphocytes | two types of white blood cells part of the body's immune system: B lymphocytes form in bone marrow, release antibodies that fight bacterial infections, T lymphocytes form in thymus, other lymphatic tissue, attack cancer cells, viruses, foreign substances |
| coronary heart disease | the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries |
| Type A | Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, aggressive, and anger-prone people |
| Type B | Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people |
| catharsis | in psychology, the idea that "releasing"aggressive energy(through action or fantasy) receives aggressive urges |
| feel-good, do-good phenomenon | people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood |
| subjective well-being | self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life, used along with measures of objective well being(for example, physical, economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life |
| adaptation-level phenomenon | our tendency to form judgements(of sounds, lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experiences |
| relative deprivation | the perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves |
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