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HPsych-Chapter2:Immu
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| types of microbial transmission | direct, indirect, biological, mechanical |
| direct transmission | contact such as touching, kissing, or sex (STD's) |
| indirect transmission | aka: environmental transmission, airborne particles, dust, water, soil, or food |
| biological transmission | other species pick up the organisms, "change" them to a form that survives in humans, and transmit them; as in mosquitoes and yellow fever or snails, ducks, and swimmer's itch |
| mechanical transmission | carrier is not involved in the disease process; such as flies, rats, and mice |
| ways by which infection can occur | penetration of body tissue-- skin usually does a good job protecting so entry is usually through mucus membranes (eyes, nose, throat, genitals) |
| whether the germs gain a foothold depends on: | virulence, toxigenicity, number of organisms transmitted, and bodily immune response |
| toxigenicity | ability to produce "poisons" that affect the body |
| virulence | aggressiveness/resistance to the immune system |
| stages of infection | incubation period, nonspecific symptoms, acute phase, death or decline phase; secondary infections are possible during this time since the immune system is occupied |
| incubation phase | germs multiply, no symptoms |
| nonspecific symptoms | toxins are produced causing headache, feeling bad, etc. |
| acute phase | disease and symptoms peak |
| decline phase | (assuming survival) organisms are killed and expelled |
| parts of the lymphatic system | vessels, nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils, and lymphocytes |
| vessels | drain lymphatic fluid from between the cells back to the blood |
| nodes | filter out foreign microbes and materials for lymphocytes to consume |
| lymphocytes | "soldiers" of the immune system; they originate in the bone marrow and migrate to the thymus gland, and possibly another location, where they mature |
| mediation of an immune response | mediated by recognition of the surface/coating of the pathogen--immune response occurs when the body distinguishes an invader as "not self", normally because its protein coat or DNA are different |
| antigens | substances that trigger an immune response; including parasites, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses, and allergens |
| types of non-specific immunity | anatomical barriers, phagocytosis, antimicrobial substances, and inflammatory response |
| anatomical barriers | keep microbes out of the body, or prevent passage between parts |
| phagocytosis | phagocyte (WBC) production is increased by infection, and these cells congregate at the site and ingest microbes. they also remove dust, pollutants, and anything suspicious |
| two types of phagocytes | macrophages, monocytes |
| macrophages | attach to tissues |
| monocytes | circulate in the blood |
| antimicrobial substances | enzymes, acids, and other bodily chemicals like interferon that help destroy microbes |
| inflammatory response | at the site, capillaries enlarge, histamines are released, WBC's leave the blood stream more easily, and more blood increases local temperature (may be problematic to bacteria). pus may form from WBC action and clots keep microbes from spreading |
| specific/antibody mediated immunity | protects against specific microbes and their toxins, usually following infection or vaccination. antigens cause cells to produce antibodies which combine with the antigens to decrease their toxicity |
| types of specific immunity | humoral and cell-mediated immunity |
| humoral immunity | mediated by B lymphocytes |
| B lymphocytes function | produce and secrete antibodies, protecting against bacteria and their toxins and viruses that have not yet invaded cells, resulting in immunity |
| types of B lymphocytes | occur as mature antibody producing cells or as resting memory cells that mature only when exposed to the same antigen |
| cell-mediated immunity | a slower response involving T lymphocytes from the thymus gland; appropriate antigens cause T cells to secrete chemicals to kill invading organsims and infected cells |
| types of T lymphocytes | Cytotoxic T, Helper T, Suppressor T, Memory T, and Delayed-Hypersensitivity T cells |
| Tc/cytotoxic T/Killer T cells | respond to antigens by producing substances that kill virally infected cells, fungi, parasites, foreign tissue (transplants), and cancer |
| Th/Helper T/CD4 Cells | enhance function of B and Tc cells and macrophages by producing various cytokines (including Interleukin-2) |
| Suppressor T Cells | have a counterregulatory function, producing cytokines that suppress some immune activity |
| Memory T Cells | remember previous invaders, allowing rapid response if encountered again |
| Delayed-Hypersensitivity T Cells | involved in delayed immune reactions, particularly allergies. Produce lymphokines to stimulate production of other T cells |
| AIDS | destroys T cells that would otherwise be able to kill the AIDS virus |
| Autoimmune diseases | immune system attacks the body, may be triggered by a virus; Ex: arthritis, Alzheimer's, MS, schizophrenia |
| Inflammatory response and disease | may be a potential contributor to diabetes, asthma, MS, rheumatoid arthritis, athlersclerosis, and osteoporosis; can do a test to see how much inflammation is in the body: risk factor for heart disease |
| immunity and age | babies get immunity from their mothers via milk, etc.; immunity develops rapidly until adolescence and tapers off in the elderly (have the same amount of cells but they are less vigorous in reacting to invasion) |
Created by:
Jean-O
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