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Lawrence Kohlberg

Moral Development

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Lawrence Kohlberg; Theory of Moral Develpment theory builds on Piaget's stages of cognition to describe stages of moral development; focuses on how people reason to determine moral development; proposed that moral development is continual across lifespan.
3 Levels & 6 Stages of Moral Development Level 1: Preconventional; Level 2: Conventional; Level 3: Post Conventional
Level 1: Preconventional Morality emphasis on getting rewards and avoiding punishments, self-centered level
2 Stages in Preconventional Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment; Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange
Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment earliest stage of moral development in young children (but adults capable of expressing this type of reasoning); see rules as fixed and absolute; obeying rules is important b/c it is a means to avoid punishment; "might makes right"
Stage 2:Individualism and Exchange chidlen accounts for individual points of view and judge actions based on how they serve individual needs; serving self interest; "look out for #1"
Level 2: Conventional Morality emphasis is placed on social rules; commmunity center level
2 stages in Conventional Stage 3: Interpersonal Relationships; Stage 4: Maintaining Social Order
Stage 3: Interpersonal Relationships referred to as the "good boy-good girl" orientation; focused on living up to social expectations and roles; emphasis on conformity, being "nice" and consideration of how choices influence relationships
Stage 4: Maintaining Social Order people begin to consider society as a whold when making judgements; focus on maintaining law and order by following rules, doing one's duty and respecting authority, "law & order"
Level 3: Postconventional Morality emphasis placed on moral principles; centered on ideals
2 stages of postcoventional morality Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights; Stage 6: Universal Principles
Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights people begin to account for differing values, opinions, and beliefs of other people; rules of law are important for maintaining a society, but members of the society should agree upon these standards; everyone should benefit and mutual agreement
Stage 6: Universal Principles based upon universal ethical principles and abstract reasoning; people follow these internalize principles of justice, even if the conflict with laws and rules; human rights for all, ethical values
Criticism of Kohlburg's Theory of Moral Development Criticized regarding gender and culture; every culture has distintive values and morals; different cultures may place more emphasis than others
Does moral reasoning necessarily lead to moral behavior? Differences between know what we ought to do verses our actual actions; theory focuses on "moral thinking" rather than actual behavior
Is justice the only aspect of moral reasoning we should consider? Critics state that Kohlberg's moral development overemphasizes the concept of justice; other factors such as compassion, caring, and other personal feelings may play an important part in moral reasoning
Does Kohlberg's theory overemphasize Western philosophy? Individualistic cultures emphasize personal rights whil collectivistic cultures stress importance of society and community; cultures may have different moral outlooks than Kohlberg's theory
The Heinz Dilemma Kohlberg based his theory upon research and interview with groups of young children. A series of moral dilemmas were presented to children, who were then interviewed to determine the reasoning behind their judgements of each scenario.
Heinz Steals the Drug Story based on a man who steals a drug from a druggist that could possibly cure his dying wife. The man steals b/c he does not have money. Kohlberg was not interested in a right or wrong answer, but more about the reasoning for the decision
Created by: mchay444
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