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PSYCH LRNG TST 2022
Mr. Stickler's Liberty Christian PSYCH. "Learning" Test Flashcards #2 2022
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is one (1) main difference between Classical conditioning and Operant Conditioning? | Classical Conditioning pairs an unconditioned stimulus with a reflexive behavior, while Operant Conditioning is done using rewards or punishments & can be used to condition any type of behavior (not just reflexive behaviors). |
| What does the term "Learning" mean/ relate to where Psychology is concerned? | This terms relates to "a relatively enduring change in behavior, resulting from experience". |
| What is the definition of "Classical Conditioning"? | This term is defined as "A type of learned response; a neutral object comes to elicit a response when it is associated (or "paired") with a stimulus that already produces that response". |
| In Classical Conditioning, what is an "unconditioned response"? | This is a response that does not have to be learned, such as a reflex. |
| In Classical Conditioning, what is an "unconditioned stimulus"? | This is a stimulus that elicits a response, such as a reflex, without any prior learning. |
| In Classical Conditioning, what is a "conditioned stimulus"? | This is a stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place. |
| In Classical Conditioning, what is a "conditioned response"? | This is a response to a conditioned stimulus; a response that has been learned. |
| *Be able to give an example of a Classical Conditioning experiment. | *You can use the "Pavlov's Dogs" experiment that I have been using in class. This should be in your notes. |
| In one of the videos we saw that related to Operant Conditioning & B.F. Skinner's training a mouse to press a lever to get a food reward, I mentioned that it was possible to "train the lever press behavior to extinction". Explain how this would be done. | In order to do this, the experimenter would simply need to stop reinforcing (i.e. rewarding) the subject for exhibiting the behavior. When the subject isn't rewarded, the behavior will stop (i.e. "become extinct"). |
| What does the term "successive approximations" mean | The term relates to the idea that the experimenter rewards the subject for doing a behavior that is close to the behavior they are trying to "teach" the subject. |
| How would the idea of "successive approximations" be used in Operant Conditioning? | The experimenter rewards the subject for exhibiting a behavior that is close to the desired behavior. Then, they stop rewarding that behavior & only reward the subject when they come even closer to exhibiting the desired behavior. |
| What does the term "positive punishment" mean/ relate to? | This term relates to "the administration of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring." |
| What does the term "negative punishment" mean/ relate to? | This term relates to "the removal of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring." |
| What does the term "positive reinforcement" mean/ relate to? | This term relates to "the administration of a stimulus to increase the probability of a behavior's being repeated." |
| What does the term "negative reinforcement" mean/ relate to? | This term relates to "the removal of a stimulus to increase the probability of a behavior's being repeated." For example, an umbrella "removes" rain, which reinforces the use of an umbrella whenever it rains. |
| What is one key thing that experimenters need to remember related to reinforcers? | Experimenters need to remember that they must know their subjects well enough to know what is a reinforcer for each individual subject. Example: if a person does not like chocolate, then chocolate would not be a reinforcer for that subject. |
| What is one (1) problem with using a "continuous reinforcement schedule"? | This type of schedule does not reflect the subject's reality. For example, an animal does not find food every time it goes to search for it. |
| How would an experimenter use a "partial reinforcement schedule"? | With this type of schedule, the experimenter would reinforce the desired behavior on an intermittent basis. |
| How would an experimenter use a "ratio schedule of reinforcement"? | With this type of schedule, the experimenter would reinforce the desired behavior based on the number of times the behavior occurs. For example: reward once for every 5 times the behavior is exhibited. |
| How would an experimenter use an "interval schedule of reinforcement"? | With this type of schedule, the experimenter would reinforce the desired behavior after a specified amount of time had passed. For example: give the reward every 3 minutes. |
| How would an experimenter use a "fixed schedule of reinforcement"? | With this type of schedule, the experimenter would reinforce the subject after a specific number of occurrences or a specific amount of time. |
| How would an experimenter use a "variable schedule of reinforcement"? | With this type of schedule, the experimenter would provide reinforcement at different rates or at different times. |
| What does the term "behavior modification" mean/ refer to? | This term relates to the idea of using operant conditioning techniques to eliminate unwanted behaviors and replace them with desirable ones. |
| What does the term "latent learning" mean/ refer to? | This term relates to the condition in which learning takes place in the absence of reinforcement. |
| What does the term "observational learning" mean/ relate to? | This term relates to "the acquisition or modification of a behavior after exposure to at least one performance of that behavior." |
| What does the term "vicarious learning" mean/ relate to? | This term relates to "learning the consequences of an action by watching others being rewarded or punished for performing an action." |
| In Operant Conditioning, what "sets the value of a reinforcer"? | Dopamine release sets this value. (Pg. 259) |
| What does the term "sensitization' mean/ refer to? | This term refers to an increase in behavioral response after exposure to a threatening stimulus. (Pg. 261) |
| What does the term "Long-Term Potentiation" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "the strengthening of a synaptic connection, which makes the postsynaptic neurons more easily activated." (Pg. 261) |
| What does the term "habituation" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "a decrease in behavioral response after repeated exposure to a nonthreatening stimuli." (Pg. 260) |
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sticklerpjpII
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