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Psych Chapter 1
chapter 1 definitions
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Psychology | the science of behavior and mental processes |
| Mental Processes | private experience that constitute our inner lives ex. thoughts, daydreams, feelings |
| Behavior | anything an organism does |
| Introspection | careful self-examination and reporting of ones conscious experiences Ex. Sensations, perceptions & feelings and how they come together to produce the full range of conscious experiences |
| Structuralism | an approach that attempted to define the structure of the mind by breaking down mental experiences into component parts |
| Functionalism | how behavior helps individuals adapt to demands placed upon them in the environment |
| Behaviorism | psychology should limit itself to the study of overt behaviors that observers can record and measure |
| Gestalt Psychology | is the school of psychology that studies the ways in which the brain organizes and structures our perceptions of the world |
| Psychodynamic Perspective | unconscious conflicts involve a dynamic struggle within the unconscious mind between unacceptable sexual or aggressive impulses striving for expression and opposing mental forces trying to keep this threatening material out of conscious awareness |
| Psychoanalysis | talking therapy- analysis of dreams, slips of the tongue to gain insights into his patients underlying motives |
| Behavioral Perspective | focuses on observable behavior and the important role of learning in behavior |
| Social Cognitive Theory | behavior is shaped by not only environmental factors such as rewards and punishments but also cognitive factors such as the value placed on different goals or objects Ex: getting good grades |
| Behavior Therapy | systematic application of learning principles that are grounded in the behaviorist tradition of Watson and Skinner- help people acquire more adaptive behaviors to overcome psychological problems such as fears |
| Humanistic Perspective | believe that psychology should focus on conscious experiences even those that cannot be directly observed |
| Physiological perspective | examines relationships between biological processes and behavior |
| Evolutionary Psychology | applies principles derived from Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution |
| Cognitive Perspective | study the mental processes by which we acquire knowledge- how we learn, solve problems, make decisions and use language |
| Sociocultural Perspective | examine how behavior and attitudes are shaped by the social and cultural influences to which people are exposed o Study influences of age, gender, sexual orientation, race, income |
| Positive Psychology | study of positive aspects of the human experience, such as love, happiness, altruism and hope |
| Basic Research | research that seeks to expand our understanding of psychological phenomenon |
| Applied Research | intended to find solutions to specific problems |
| Hypothesis | a precise prediction about the outcomes of an experiment—drawn from a theory |
| Theory | a formulation that accounts for relationships among observed events or experimental findings in ways that make them more predictable |
| Statistics | the branch of mathematics involving the tabulation, analysis and interpretation of numerical data |
| Variable | is a factor that varies in an experiment such as the dosage level of an experimental drug |
| Replication | the attempt to duplicate findings |
| Case Study Method | in depth study of one or more individuals : Info from interviews, observation or written records |
| Survey Method | a research method in which structured interviews or questionnaires are used to gather information about groups of people |
| Structured Interview | an interview in which a set of specific questions is asked in a particular order |
| Questionnaire | a written set of questions or statements to which people reply by marking their responses on answer forms |
| Population | all the individuals or organisms that constitute particular groups |
| Samples | subsets of a population |
| Random Sampling | a method of sampling in which each individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected |
| Social Desirability Bias | the tendency to respond to questions in a socially desirable manner |
| Volunteer Bias | the type of bias that arises when people who volunteer to participate in a survey or research study have characteristics that makes them unrepresentative of the populations from which they were drawn |
| Naturalistic Observation | takes the laboratory into the field to directly observe the behavior of humans or other species in their natural habitat |
| Correlation Method | a research method used to examine relationships between variables, which are expressed in the form of a statistical measure called a correlation coefficient |
| Correlation Coefficient | a statistical measure of association between variables that can vary from -1.00 to +1.00 |
| Positive Correlation | ex: people with higher level of education earn a higher income |
| Negative Correlation | ex: the longer people are deprived of sleep the less alert they are |
| Experimental Psychologist | apply experimental methods to the study of behavior and mental processes: Learning, cognition |
| Comparative Psychologist | seek to understand animal behavior to see what it might teach us about human psychology |
| Physiological Psychologists/ Biological Psychologists | study the biological bases of behavior |
| Clinical Psychologists | evaluate and treat people with psychological disorders |
| Psychiatrists | medical doctors who complete residency training in the medical specialty of psychiatry |
| Counseling Psychologists | help people that have adjustment problems that are not as severe: Adjusting to college |
| School Psychologists | work in school systems where they help children with academic, emotional and behavioral problems |
| Educational Psychologists | develop tests that measure intellectual ability or academic potential- help students reach their maximum potential- research |
| Developmental Psychologists | study peoples physical, cognitive, and personality development through a life span |
| Personality Psychologists | how a personality is structured and how it develops and changes- look within a person’s makeup |
| Social Psychologists | study how group or social influences affect behavior and attitudes |
| Environmental Psychologists | study relationships between the psychical environment and behavior |
| Industrial/Organizational Psychologists | study people at work, where they would fit in: Ways of making equipment more efficient and easier |
| Health Psychologists | study how psychological factors such as stress, lifestyle and attitude affect physical health o Disease prevention programs o How to improve quality of life in patients with chronic diseases |
| Consumer Psychologists | understanding consumer behavior and why people purchase particular products and brands |
| Neuropsychologists | study the relationship between the brain and behavior- test to evaluate cognitive effects of brain injuries and a path to recovery |
| Geropsychologists | focus on the psychological processes associated with aging |
| Forensic Psychologists | work within the legal system o perform psychological evaluations in child custody cases- give expert testimony on psychological issues, select potential jury members |
| Sport Psychologists | apply psychological principles and techniques to sports and athletic competition o Relaxation skills, positive talk, why athletes choke in game situations |
Created by:
acorso3
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