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Psychology
Final Spring 2015
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are needs? What are drives? | Needs are internal deficiencies. Needs cause drives to develop Drives are an energized motivational state Cycle: Need -> Drive -> Response -> Goal (Repeat) |
| What are primary motives vs. secondary motives? | Primary motives are innate motives based on biological need Ex: sleep, eat, drink, pain avoidance, air, elimination of wastes Secondary motives are based on learned needs and goals Ex: power, affiliation, approval, status, security, achievement |
| What is a stimulus motive? | A stimulus motive expresses humans' needs for stimulation and information. Seems to be innate, but not for survival Ex: activities, curiosity, exploration |
| How do set point and homeostasis relate to motivation? | Set point is what our body's set to ex: weight Homeostasis means steady state - optimal levels ex: body temp too hot - perspire to cool down |
| What is the Yerkers-Dodson Law and what does it suggest about how we do tasks? | Yerkers-Dodson Law is the stress to task performance. Low Arousal - Needs lower level to efficiently complete something with higher stress level, if high level it means you'll do worse. |
| McClelland’s work on need for achievement? | McClelland's experiment: college kids: low level achievers carelessly threw hoops, high achievers aimed around the middle. Said that ones needs achievement to meet some internal standard of excellence |
| Intrinsic vs Extrinsic motivation | Intrinsic - doing something because it’s rewarding to you without an external reward Extrinsic - doing something because of anticipation of a reward or avoidance of a negative consequence |
| Maslow’s hierarchy of needs | Pyramid Theory Lower needs must be met before higher needs -> will motivate behaviors ex: school children unable to focus on achievement because they are unsafe and/or hungry |
| Plutchik’s theory of emotion | Emotions affect how we encode a memory. The more intense or impactful the more we’re apt to remember (model on printout and in book) |
| How emotion affects polygraph tests | You can learn to control responses and fool polygraph tests, which makes them unreliable |
| The four main theories of emotion – what they are and how they would explain emotional response in a given situation (1) | James Lange An event causes physiological arousal. You experience an emotion only after you interpret the physical response A -> I -> E |
| The four main theories of emotion – what they are and how they would explain emotional response in a given situation (2) | Izard - Facial Feedback Facial expressions provide feedback to the brain concerning the emotion that is being expressed which in turn intensifies the emotion expression -> I -> E |
| The four main theories of emotion – what they are and how they would explain emotional response in a given situation (3) | Lazarus An event occurs, a cognitive appraisal is made, and then the emotion and physiological arousal follow I -> E -> A |
| The four main theories of emotion – what they are and how they would explain emotional response in a given situation (4) | Schater-Singer An event causes physiological arousal. You must then be able to identify a reason for the arousal in order to label the emotion A -> I -> I E |
| The four main theories of emotion – what they are and how they would explain emotional response in a given situation (5) | Cannon-Bard An event causes a physiological and emotional response simultaneously. One does not cause the other A + I -> E |
| Distinction between normal and abnormal behavior | outside of expected standards or norms, weird, strange, “out of the box” things considered: how old is the person, frequency in which the behavior occurs, intensity, duration, what culture deems to be normal |
| Mood disorders - Depression | Normal - occasional periods of happy/sadness Major Depression - periods of sadness way below normalcy line, tends to be recurrent Dysthymia - ongoing, low-level “down” state Double Depression - dysthymic with bouts of major depression |
| Mood Disorders - Mania | major but brief spikes of hyperactivity, can be recurrent Cyclothymia - little up period, little down period |
| Mood Disorders - Bipolar Disorder | I. Major manic episodes, smaller depressive episodes, not as serious II. Major manic episodes, major depressive episodes Rapid-cycling - Ups and downs, are very rapid, more severe than Cyclothymia |
| Anxiety Disorders - Panic Disorder | comes about suddenly, no obvious precipitant, feel like they're going to die b/c of intense physiological responses panic attacks -> peak about 10 minutes, then subsides more women than men |
| Anxiety Disorders - Agoraphobia | fear of being in public, people stay in home and won’t go out in fear of having and attack, tend not to drive 5% have with Panic Disorder |
| Anxiety Disorders - Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) | chronic state of diffused anxiety -> “worry wart” waiting for something dreadful to happen |
| Anxiety Disorders - Phobic Disorders | intense, irrational fears that disrupt adaptive functioning onset generally during adolescence |
| Anxiety Disorders - OCD - Obsessive Compulsive Disorder | obsession - persistent, unwanted thought compulsion - ritualized activity that helps cope with obsession ex: germs/illness, illness/death, religion, sexual, cleaning, counting, repetition, washing resistant to treatment |
| Anxiety Disorders - Social Phobia | 60% in women fear of being among people -> especially among people you don’t know |
| Anxiety Disorders - PTSD - Post Traumatic Stress Disorder | result of exposure to some extreme event |
| Personality Disorders - Paranoid personality | Cluster A suspicious and mistrustful of people without reason, seeing danger or threat in situations without cause |
| Personality Disorders - Schizoid | Cluster A Lack of interest in people and relationships, detachment, limited range of emotions and emotional expression |
| Personality Disorders - Schizotypal personality: | Cluster A social isolation, extremely odd behavior, disturbed thought patterns, but not to the point of full-blown schizophrenia and psychosis |
| Personality Disorders - Narcissistic personality: | Cluster B preoccupation with self, desire for constant admiration by others, exaggerated self-importance, need for sexual “conquests”, lack of empathy |
| Personality Disorders - Antisocial personality | Cluster B antisocial behavior without guilt or remorse, lack of consideration for the rights and values of others |
| Personality Disorders - Borderline personality: | Cluster B unstable, impulsive, poor self image, cries easily, demanding of others’ attention and sympathy, irritable |
| Personality Disorders - Histrionic personality: | Cluster B excessive, over-blown emotion, always in need of attention, inability to form deep relationships |
| Personality Disorders - Dependent personality: | Cluster C submissiveness and dependence on others, clinginess, lack of self-initiative and direction, excessive need to be taken care of |
| Personality Disorders - OCD (More of Anxiety Disorder) | Cluster C inflexible need for perfection, orderliness, routine and control, preoccupied with details to the detriment of production |
| Personality Disorders - Avoidant personality: | Cluster C hypersensitivity to social rejection, fear of evaluation, timid, social inhibition |
| Roles & norms | Roles - patterns of behavior expected of persons in various social positions ex: mom, boss, sister, grandpa Norms - widely accepted standard of appropriate behavior (implicit (unspoken/unstated) vs. explicit (formally stated)) |
| Types of groups | Formal: cooperative and/or competitive, organized, clear structure ex: coworkers, sports team Informal - may/may not be structured ex: friends |
| Attitudes – what are they and where do we get them? | Attitudes are a mixture of belief and emotion that influences a person to respond to other people, objects, or groups in a positive or negative way Can be formed by: personal experiences, group membership/interactions, media, and parents/family |
| Persuasion – factors that increase the chance that we can persuade someone | Deliberate attempt to change attitudes or beliefs through info or arguments Factors: Communicator is likable, knowledgable, trustworthy (seems to be), nothing to gain message: appeals to emotions, clear cut objectives/conclusions,factual (+ more) |
| Personal Space | area surrounding body that is regarded as private/subject to personal control |
| Spatial Zones | intimate (18 inches or closer) personal (18 inches to 4 ft) - friends social - (4 to 12 ft) - coworkers, teacher-student interactions public (12 ft +) - lectures, businesses, presentations |
| Attribution Theory | The theory that we explain someone's behaviour by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition 1. the context in which the behavior occurs 2. demands of the situation 3. person of interest 4. consensus of others |
| Cognitive Dissonance Theory | The more contradiction we feel, the more we are motivated to change something (belief or action) to reduce dissonance |
| Conformity & the Asch Experiment | Asch Experiment was when the students looked at the lines and then said one after another which one matches the standard line. Students would conform in order to be accepted even if they knew their answer was wrong. |
| Obedience & Milgram’s Studies | Study in which people shocked 'learners' in a electric chair each time they make a mistake (which was an actor), and were told to keep going when they were uncomfortable, and more than 65% obeyed. |
| Compliance | situations in which 1 person bends to the request of another who has little or no authority |
| Compliance Strategies: Foot in the Door Effect | a person who first agrees to a small request is later more likely, to be consistent, to comply with a larger demand ex: small sign or poster in window graduates to large ugly sign |
| Compliance Strategies: Door in the Face Effect | tendency for a person who has refused a major request to agree to a smaller request ex: neighbor asks to walk dog, pick up mail, etc. you refuse, neighbor asks to just pick up mail, you agree |
| Compliance Strategies: Lowball Technique | getting a person committed to act and then making the terms of acting less desirable ex: car salesman |
| Coercion | Coercion - forced to change beliefs or behavior against will |
| Brainwashing (Stages 1 + 2) | forced attitude change a. unfreezing (loosen former values/beliefs) use physical and psychological abuse, lack of sleep, humiliation, isolation b. change (abandon former beliefs) cooperate to gain relief |
| Brainwashing (Stage 3 + Cults) | c. refreeze (solidify) pressure to conform, mix of hope and fear set new attitudes Cults - an authoritarian group in which the leader's personality is more important than the beliefs that person preaches ex: Moral Rearmarment |
| Interpersonal Attraction | affinity for another person and basis for most voluntary social relationships |
| Factors of Interpersonal Attraction | Familiarity Physical Proximity Similarity Physical Attractiveness Reciprocity |
| Social Exchange Theory of Attraction | For a relationship to last it must be profitable for both parties |
| Mate Selection Men vs. Women | Men: casual sex, younger + physically attractive women, jealous over real/imagined sexual infidelity than loss of emotional commitment Women: slightly older partners, industrious, economically successful, higher status, upset over emotional infidelity |
| How/Why Mate Selection Evolved | Evolved because women want partners will stay and provide resources for child, men look for better health and beauty for better fertility |
| Bystander Intervention – Kitty Genovese | Person more likely to help if they define as emergency and there is no one else to help diffusion of responsibility within a group Kitty Genovese - stabbed while 38 people watched, no one helped |
| Roots of Aggression and the Aggressive Personality | Roots: Biologically capable, frustration, averse stimuli, social learning, media violence Personality: behaviors and attitudes associated with the neurotic trend of moving against people, such as a domineering and controlling manner. |
| Prejudice and the Prejudiced Personality | negative emotional attitude held towards members of a specific social group Personality: authoritarian beliefs, ethnocentrism, social dominance, dogmatism (unwarranted certainty in matters of belief or opinion), more likely to express when threatened |
Created by:
maddiebee1993
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