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Chapter 3
The Human Puzzle Chapter 3 Study Material
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Adaptation | In perception, refers to a change in sensitivity resulting from stimulus conditions. |
| Afterimage | A visual image that continues after the stimulus that caused it is no longer present. |
| Amplitude | With respect to sound waves, defined as the height of wave peaks, related to perceived loudness. |
| Anosmia | Inability to detect odors |
| Attention | The process of focusing on some features of the environment while excluding others. |
| Body Senses | Sensory systems involved in perceptions of our body. Include the vestibular sense (balance and movement), skin senses (pain, temperature, and touch), and the kinesthetic sense (awareness of limb and body position and movement). |
| Chemical Senses | Senses that respond to the chemical properties of substances and gases: namely, taste and olfaction. |
| Cocktail Party Phenomenon | The fleeting and unconscious availability for processing of stimuli to which the individual is not paying attention. |
| Complexity | With respect to sound waves, defined in terms of the mixture of waves emanating from vibratory sources, giving rise to subjective impressions of timbre. |
| Cones | Conical light-sensitive cells in the retina that respond mainly to color and are used extensively in daylight vision. |
| Cornea | The transparent coating that covers the eyeball. |
| Decibel | A measure of perceived loudness of sounds. |
| Frequency | With respect to sound waves, the number of waves per second in Hertz units, giving rise to the perception of pitch. |
| Habituation | A decrease in response to a stimulus following repeated or prolonged exposure. Also used to describe drug tolerance. |
| Hering’s Opponent Process Theory | A theory that suggests we perceive color in terms of paired opposing groups of colors: red-green, yellow-blue, and black-white. |
| Iris | The colored part of the eye; a muscle in the center of which is an opening that forms the pupil. |
| Kinesthetic Sense | One of the body senses, often referred to as the “muscle and joint sense,” consisting of receptors sensitive to movement of muscles, joints, and tendons. |
| Lens | The transparent structure behind the pupil, capable of changing its shape to focus light on the retina. |
| Nanometer | One billionth of a meter. |
| Olfaction | The sense of smell. |
| Olfactory Epithelia | Thin mucus membranes located in each nostril, containing odor-sensitive cells. |
| Optic Nerve | Bundle of nerve fibers beginning with the rods and cones of the retina leading from the back of each eyeball to the visual cortex via the thalamus. |
| Perception | The process by which sensation is interpreted and becomes meaningful. |
| Phi Phenomenon | The illusion of motion created by presenting a rapid succession of slightly different static images. |
| Photons | A visible light particle. In quantum physics, an elementary particle that is the basic unit of light and other forms of radiation. |
| Pinna | The Latin word for the outer ear; the skin and cartilage that we identify as ears. |
| Proprioceptive Sensation | Sensation relating to bodily position and movement arising from receptors within the body. |
| Pupil | The opening in the iris that allows light to pass through the lens and into the eyeball. |
| Retina | The light-sensitive structure at the back of the eye, composed of rods and cones. |
| Rods | Elongated cells on the retina that respond mainly to brightness and are important for night vision. |
| Sensation | A response to stimulation involving the activity of specialized organs such as eyes, ears, taste cells, and olfactory cells (smell). The responses of these organs are translated into neural impulses, which can then be interpreted by the brain or otherwise reacted to by the body. |
| Skin Senses | Also called the cutaneous senses, the body senses consisting of skin receptors sensitive to touch, temperature,and pain. |
| Sound Waves | Displacements of molecules caused by vibratory events whose subjective effect is the perception of sound. |
| Umami | One of the five distinct tastes humans can distinguish, variously described as savory or meaty. |
| Vestibular Organ | The part of the inner ear, consisting of the semicircular canals, involved in balance, body orientation, and movement. |
| Vestibular Sense | The sense, highly dependent on the semicircular canals in the inner ear, that provides us with information about balance and movement. |
| Visual Constancies | Properties of visual perception that enable us to perceive color, size, and shape as being constant under a variety of different conditions. |
| Wavelength | In vision, a property of light waves measured in nanometers (billionths of a meter) and related to the perception of color. |
| Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory | A theory that recognizes the existence of three cone systems whose different responses to light waves determine perception of color. |
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