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Learning and Memory
Exam 1: Chapter 1
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Learning | the process by which changes in behavior arise as the result of experience interacting with the world |
Memory | the record of our past experiences, which are acquired through learning |
Nativist | humans are shaped primarily by inherited nature ; PLATO |
Empiricist | humans are shaped primarily by experiences (nurture) ; ARISTOTLE, LOCKE |
Descarte's Dualism | immaterial soul (our ability to think freely and make decisions) and mechanical body (similar to machines) |
Rules of Association | CONTIGUITY, FREQUENCY, SIMILARITY |
Contignuity | experiences near each other in time/space are joined together |
Frequency | experiences often repeated are connected more strongly |
Similarity | experiences similar to one another are connected |
Evolution | the theory that species can change over time, and that all existing species are descendants of common ancestors |
Empirical | actually collected data |
Experimental | manipulated an independent variable to observe the outcome on a dependent variable |
Quantitative | expressed observations numerically |
Classical Conditioning | Pavlov's dogs |
Law of Effect | behaviors with positive effects are repeated; behaviors with negative effects are not |
Ebbinghaus | self study of savings on learning nonsense words |
Pavlov | laws of association with classical conditioning in dogs |
Thorndike | law of effect as cats learn to solve a puzzle |
Behaviorism | behavior is observable, objective, and quantifiable. Mental provesses such as dreams, feelings, and the subconscious are not directly observable therefore cannot be studied scientifically |
Cognitive Approach | mental processes cannot be directly observed, but can be studied objectively |
George Miller | digit span limits represent an overload of a memory system with a capacity of 7 items |