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PSYC 225
Chapter 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| norm | average, or standard, measurement calculated from the measurements of many individuals within a specific group or population |
| head-sparing | a biological mechanism that protects the brain when malnutrition disrupts body growth. The brain is the last part of the body to be damaged by malnutrition |
| neuron | one of the billions of nerve cells in the central nervous system, especially in the brain |
| cortex | the outer layers of the brain in humans and other mammals. Most thinking, feeling, and sensing involve the cortex |
| prefrontal cortex | the area of the cortex at the very front of the brain that specializes in anticipation, planning and impulse control |
| axon | a fiber that extends from a neuron and transmits electrochemical impulses from that neuron to the dendrites of other neurons |
| dendrite | a fiber that extends from a neuron and receives electrochemical impulses transmitted from other neurons via their axons |
| synapses | the intersection between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of other neurons |
| neurotransmitter | a brain chemical that carries information from the axon of a sending neuron to the dendrite of a receiving neuron |
| synaptic gap | the pathway across which neurotransmitters carry information from the axon of the sending neuron the dendrites of the receiving neuron |
| transient exuberance | the great but temporary increase in the number of dendrites that develop in an infant's brain during the first two years of life |
| pruning | when applied to brain development, the process by which unused connections in the brain atrophy and die |
| shaken baby syndrome | a life-threatening injury that occurs when an infant is forcefully shaken back and forth, a motion that ruptures blood vessels in the brain and breaks neural connections |
| self-righting | the inborn drive to remedy a developmental deficit; literally, to return to sitting or standing upright after being tipped over. People of all ages have self-righting impulses, for emotional as well as physical imbalance |
| REM (rapid eye movement) sleep | a stage of sleep characterized by flickering eyes behind closed lids, dreaming, and rapid brain waves |
| co-sleeping | a custom in which parents and their children (usually infants) sleep together in the same room |
| sensation | the response of a sensory system (eyes, ears, skin, tongue, nose) when it detects a stimulus |
| perception | the mental processing of sensory information when the brain interprets a sensation |
| binocular vision | the ability to focus the two eyes in a coordinated manner in order to see one image |
| motor skill | the learned abilities to move some part of the body, in actions ranging from a large leap to a flicker of the eyelid |
| gross motor skills | physical abilities involving large body movements, such as walking and jumping |
| gross | big |
| motor | muscles movement |
| fine motor skills | physical abilities involving small body movements, especially of the hands and fingers, such as drawing and picking up a coin |
| fine | small |
| immunization | the process that stimulates the body's immune system to defend against attack by a particular contagious disease. It may be accomplished either naturally (by having the disease) or through vaccination (often by having an injection) |
| protein-calorie malnutrition | a condition in which a person does not consume sufficient food of any kind. This deprivation can result in several illnesses, severe weight loss, and even death |
| stunting | the failure of children to grow to a normal height for their age due to severe and chronic malnutrition |
| wasting | the tendency for children to be severely underweight for their age as a result of malnutrition |
| marasmus | a disease of severe protein-calorie malnutrition during early infancy, in which growth stops, body tissues waste away, and the infant eventually dies |
| kwashiorkor | a disease of chronic malnutrition during childhood, in which a protein deficiency makes the child more vulnerable to other diseases, such as measles, diarrhea, and influenza |
| sensorimotor intelligence | Piaget's term for the way infants think-by using their senses and motor skills-during the first period of cognitive development |
| object permanence | the realization that objects (including people) still exist even if they can no longer be seen, touched, or heard |
| little scientist | the stage-five toddler (age 12-18 months) who experiments without anticipating the results, using trial and error in active and creative exploration |
| deferred imitation | a sequence in which an infant first perceives something done by someone else and then performs the same action hour or even days later |
| mirror neurons | cells in an observer's brain that respond to an action performed by someone else in the same way they would if the observer had actually performed that action |
| information-processing theory | a perspective that compares human thinking processes, by analogy, to computer analysis of data, including sensory input, connections, stored memories, and output |
| reminder session | a perceptual experience that is intended to help a person recollect an idea, a thing, or an experience, without testing whether the person remembers it at the moment |
| child-directed speech | the high-pitched, simplified, and repetitive way adults speak to infants (aka baby talk or motherese) |
| babbling | the extended repetition of certain syllables, such as ba-ba-ba, that begins when babies are between 6 and 9 months old |
| holophrase | a single word that is used to express a complete, meaningful thought |
| naming explosion | a sudden increase in an infant's vocabulary, especially in the number of nouns that begins at about 18 months of age |
| grammar | all the methods - word order, verb forms, and so on - that languages use to communicate meaning, apart from the words themselves |
| language acquisition device (LAD) | Chornsky's term for a hypothesized mental structure that enables humans to learn language, including the basic aspects of grammar, vocabulary, and intonation |
| hybrid theory | a perspective that combines various aspects of different theories to explain how language, or any other developmental phenomenon, occurs |
Created by:
Nicolekr
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